UPSC CDS-2

41. The value of the slope of a normal demand curve is

The value of the slope of a normal demand curve is

[amp_mcq option1=”positive” option2=”negative” option3=”zero” option4=”infinity” correct=”option2″]

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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The value of the slope of a normal demand curve is negative. This reflects the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, known as the law of demand. As the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded by consumers typically decreases, and vice versa, assuming all other factors remain constant (ceteris paribus). When plotted with price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis, this relationship results in a curve that slopes downwards from left to right.
The negative slope of the demand curve illustrates the law of demand, showing that price and quantity demanded move in opposite directions.
Exceptions to the law of demand, such as Giffen goods or Veblen goods, exist but are rare. For a typical good, the demand curve has a negative slope. The steepness of the slope indicates the responsiveness of quantity demanded to price changes (elasticity).

42. Which one of the following statements with regard to economic models i

Which one of the following statements with regard to economic models is not correct ?

[amp_mcq option1=”They involve simplification of complex processes.” option2=”They represent the whole or a part of a theory.” option3=”They can be expressed only through equations.” option4=”They help in gaining an insight into cause and effect.” correct=”option3″]

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Statement C is incorrect. Economic models are simplifications of reality used to understand complex economic processes. While they can be expressed through equations (mathematical models), they can also be represented through diagrams (like supply and demand curves), graphs, or even verbal descriptions. Therefore, stating they can be expressed *only* through equations is wrong.
Economic models serve as tools for analysis and prediction, simplifying complex relationships. They are representations of theories, not the theories themselves.
Models help economists isolate specific variables, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and forecast outcomes based on given assumptions. The effectiveness of a model is judged by its predictive power and ability to explain real-world phenomena, not solely by the method of expression.

43. Which one of the following cell organelles is known as ‘suicide bags’

Which one of the following cell organelles is known as ‘suicide bags’ of a cell ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Lysosomes” option2=”Plastids” option3=”Endoplasmic reticulum” option4=”Mitochondria” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes are capable of breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and invading pathogens. Under certain conditions, such as during programmed cell death (apoptosis) or severe cell damage, the lysosomal membrane can rupture, releasing these enzymes into the cytoplasm and digesting the cell itself. Due to this self-digestion capability, lysosomes are often referred to as the “suicide bags” of the cell.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that can break down cellular components, leading to cell self-destruction under specific circumstances.
Plastids are involved in photosynthesis and storage in plant cells. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Mitochondria are the primary sites of cellular respiration and ATP production.

44. Magnification is

Magnification is

[amp_mcq option1=”actual size of specimen / observed size” option2=”observed size of specimen / actual size” option3=”actual size of specimen – observed size” option4=”actual size of specimen × observed size” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Magnification is a measure of the ability to enlarge the image of an object. It is calculated as the ratio of the size of the image as observed (e.g., through a microscope or on a screen) to the actual size of the specimen being viewed.
Magnification = Observed size of specimen / Actual size of specimen.
Resolution is another important concept related to microscopy, referring to the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects as separate entities. Magnification enlarges the image, while resolution allows for clarity and detail.

45. What is Inter-cropping ?

What is Inter-cropping ?

[amp_mcq option1=”It is the time period between two cropping seasons.” option2=”It is growing of two or more crops in random mixture.” option3=”It is growing of two or more crops in definite row patterns.” option4=”It is growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.” correct=”option3″]

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Inter-cropping is an agricultural practice that involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field during the same growing season. This can be done in various ways, including planting crops in alternating rows, strips, or as a mixed stand. Growing crops in definite row patterns is a specific and common method of inter-cropping designed to facilitate management practices like weeding and harvesting and potentially enhance resource partitioning between crops. While growing in a random mixture (Option B) is also a form of mixed cropping that falls under the broader umbrella of intercropping, ‘definite row patterns’ is a more structured approach widely recognized as inter-cropping, particularly aimed at maximizing space and resource utilization in a planned manner.
Inter-cropping involves growing multiple crops on the same land simultaneously, often arranged in patterns like alternating rows.
Option A describes the period between crops. Option D describes crop rotation, where different crops are grown on the same land in sequence over different seasons. Inter-cropping aims to improve resource use efficiency, reduce pests and diseases, and increase overall yield per unit area.

46. Which one of the following body parts/organs of the human body does no

Which one of the following body parts/organs of the human body does not have smooth muscles ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Ureters” option2=”Iris of eye” option3=”Bronchi of lungs” option4=”Biceps” correct=”option4″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs and structures like the digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary tract, respiratory tract, uterus, and the iris of the eye. Their contractions are not under conscious control. Biceps brachii is a skeletal muscle located in the upper arm. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are attached to bones and are responsible for movement of the skeleton; they are characterized by their striated appearance under a microscope.
Smooth muscles are involuntary and found in internal organs; skeletal muscles are voluntary and attached to bones. Biceps are skeletal muscles.
Ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder; their walls contain smooth muscle for peristalsis. The iris controls the size of the pupil using smooth muscles (sphincter and dilator). Bronchi are airways in the lungs, and their walls contain smooth muscle that can constrict or relax.

47. Which one of the following organisms is responsible for sleeping sickn

Which one of the following organisms is responsible for sleeping sickness ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Leishmania” option2=”Trypanosoma” option3=”Ascaris” option4=”Helicobacter” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Sleeping sickness, also known as African trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by flagellate protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. Specifically, *Trypanosoma brucei* subspecies are responsible for the disease in humans. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina species).
Sleeping sickness is caused by parasites of the genus *Trypanosoma* and is transmitted by the tsetse fly.
Leishmania causes leishmaniasis, Ascaris is a genus of parasitic roundworms causing ascariasis, and Helicobacter (specifically *Helicobacter pylori*) is a bacterium causing stomach infections.

48. What do you mean by ‘Demographic Dividend’ ?

What do you mean by ‘Demographic Dividend’ ?

[amp_mcq option1=”A rise in the rate of economic growth due to a higher share of working age people in a population” option2=”A rise in the rate of literacy due to development of educational institutions in different parts of the country” option3=”A rise in the standard of living of the people due to the growth of alternative livelihood practices” option4=”A rise in the gross employment ratio of a country due to government policies” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Demographic dividend refers to the potential for economic growth that arises as a country undergoes demographic transition. During this transition, a country’s population structure shifts, resulting in a bulge in the proportion of the population in the working-age group (typically 15-64) relative to the dependent age groups (children and elderly). With a larger workforce and a smaller dependent population, there is a potential for increased productivity, savings, and investment, which can lead to accelerated economic growth, provided the workforce is healthy, educated, and gainfully employed.
Demographic dividend is the economic benefit derived from a favorable age structure characterized by a high proportion of working-age individuals.
Realizing the demographic dividend requires investments in health, education, and job creation. Without these investments, a large young population can become a liability (referred to as a “demographic burden”) rather than an asset.

49. Chlorophyll in photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria is associated with

Chlorophyll in photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria is associated with

[amp_mcq option1=”plastids” option2=”membranous vesicles” option3=”nucleoids” option4=”chromosomes” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts (which contain chlorophyll in eukaryotes). Instead, their photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll, are embedded within internal membrane systems. These membrane systems can take various forms, including flattened sacs, tubules, or vesicles, which are often referred to as chromatophores or thylakoids depending on their arrangement, and are essentially membranous structures or vesicles.
Chlorophyll in photosynthetic prokaryotes is not contained within plastids but is located in specialized internal membrane structures within the cytoplasm.
Plastids (like chloroplasts) are organelles found in eukaryotic cells (plants and algae). Nucleoids are the regions where the prokaryotic genetic material is located. Chromosomes refer to the structured form of DNA.

50. Which one of the following is active transport ?

Which one of the following is active transport ?

[amp_mcq option1=”It is the movement of a substance against a diffusion gradient with the use of energy from respiration.” option2=”It is the movement of a substance against a diffusion gradient without the use of energy.” option3=”It is the movement of a substance against a diffusion gradient with the use of energy from photosynthesis.” option4=”It is the movement of a substance along a diffusion gradient with the use of energy from respiration.” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2019
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Active transport is a process where substances move across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient (or electrochemical gradient), meaning from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. This movement requires the cell to expend metabolic energy, typically in the form of ATP, which is primarily generated through cellular respiration.
Active transport is characterized by the movement against a concentration gradient and the requirement of energy expenditure by the cell.
In contrast, passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis do not require energy and involve movement along the concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins but still moves substances along the gradient without direct energy input from the cell.
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