UPSC CDS-2 Archives

21. Consider the following pairs of High Offices and concerned Departments

Consider the following pairs of High Offices and concerned Departments in the Mauryan Administration :

1. Samahartri : Chief Collector of Revenue
2. Dauvarika : Chief of Army
3. Akshapatala : Records-cum-Audit Officer
4. Samnidhatri : Treasurer

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?

1 and 2 only

1, 3 and 4 only

3 and 4 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Let’s examine each pair:
1. Samahartri: Chief Collector of Revenue. This is correctly matched. The Samahartri was responsible for the collection of all revenues and supervising the various departments of finance.
2. Dauvarika: Chief of Army. This is incorrectly matched. The Dauvarika was the Chief Royal Gate-keeper, responsible for the security and protocol of the palace. The Chief of Army was known as Senapati.
3. Akshapatala: Records-cum-Audit Officer. This is correctly matched. The Akshapatala was in charge of maintaining royal accounts, records, and auditing them.
4. Samnidhatri: Treasurer. This is correctly matched. The Samnidhatri was the chief custodian of the state treasury and storehouses.
Therefore, pairs 1, 3, and 4 are correctly matched.

– Samahartri: Revenue collector.
– Dauvarika: Palace gate-keeper.
– Akshapatala: Accounts/Audit officer.
– Samnidhatri: Treasurer.
– Senapati: Chief of Army.

The Mauryan administration, as described in Kautilya’s Arthashastra, was highly centralized and bureaucratic. Various officers, known as ‘adhyakshas’ and other high officials, were appointed to manage different departments of the state, including revenue, treasury, army, justice, commerce, agriculture, etc. These designations reflect a sophisticated administrative system for its time.

Join Our Telegram Channel

22. Consider the following statements with reference to the Utpala dynasty

Consider the following statements with reference to the Utpala dynasty of Kashmir :

1. Avantivarman, the founder, devoted his energies to the economic upliftment of his subjects.
2. Avantivarman’s period in Kashmir is known for the engineering operations under his minister Suyya, resulting in the enormous increase of grains and fall in prices.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Join Our Telegram Channel

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Both statements are correct. Avantivarman (855-883 CE), the founder of the Utpala dynasty in Kashmir, is known for his focus on improving the economic condition of his subjects. His minister and engineer, Suyya, was instrumental in executing significant irrigation projects, including regulating the flow of the Jhelum river and draining flooded areas. These engineering works led to a substantial increase in agricultural produce, particularly grains, which in turn caused a significant fall in prices, benefiting the population.

– Avantivarman founded the Utpala dynasty in Kashmir.
– His reign is noted for peace, prosperity, and economic reforms.
– Suyya was Avantivarman’s engineer who carried out major irrigation works.
– These works resulted in increased grain production and lower prices.

The reign of Avantivarman and the works of Suyya are well-documented in Kalhana’s historical chronicle, Rajatarangini. The focus on irrigation and land reclamation during this period highlights the importance of agriculture to the economy of ancient Kashmir.

23. The antarīya was a garment worn by people during the Mauryan period. I

The antarīya was a garment worn by people during the Mauryan period. It was :

Join Our Telegram Channel

an unstitched length of cloth draped around the body.

a sewn garment consisting of a sleeved tunic.

a head covering used exclusively by women.

made of strips sewn together tied at the waist with a cord.

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

The antarīya was a common lower garment worn by both men and women in ancient India, including during the Mauryan period. It consisted of an unstitched piece of cloth, typically rectangular, that was draped around the waist and legs in various styles.

– Antarīya was an unstitched lower garment.
– It was draped around the body, not sewn like a tunic.
– It was worn by both men and women.

Other common garments of the period included the ‘uttariya’ (an unstitched upper garment or shawl draped over the shoulders) and sometimes a third piece called ‘kayabandha’ (a waist band or belt). Stitched garments like tunics became more common later, particularly under influences like the Indo-Greeks, Shakas, and Kushanas, although basic sewn garments existed earlier.

24. Which one of the following terms was used for the States in the Draft

Which one of the following terms was used for the States in the Draft Constitution presented by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on 4th November, 1948 ?

Union of States

Federation of States

Autonomous States

Subsidiary States

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, presented the Draft Constitution to the Constituent Assembly on November 4, 1948. Article 1 of this Draft Constitution (which remained unchanged in the final version) declared that “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States”. The term “Union of States” was deliberately chosen over “Federation of States” to emphasize that the Indian federation was not the result of an agreement among the units and that the states had no right to secede from the Union.

The term “Union of States” signifies the indestructible nature of the Indian Union.
This choice of terminology highlights the differences between the Indian federal structure and other federations like the USA.

Dr. Ambedkar explained the significance of the phrase “Union of States” during the debates in the Constituent Assembly, pointing out that while India was a federation, it was not a result of a compact between states.

Join Our Telegram Channel

25. Consider the following statements about the Ancient Hindu metal images

Consider the following statements about the Ancient Hindu metal images in India :

1. The Chola period is well known for the aesthetic and technical finesse of its metal sculpture.
2. The iconography and style of Chola metal images were similar to those of their stone counterparts.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Join Our Telegram Channel

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Statement 1 is correct. The Chola period (c. 9th to 13th centuries CE) is widely celebrated as the golden age of bronze casting in South India. The Chola bronzes, particularly the Nataraja sculptures, are renowned globally for their aesthetic beauty, technical perfection using the lost-wax method (cire perdue), and dynamic forms.
Statement 2 is correct. Chola art encompassed both stone and metal sculptures. While each medium has its constraints and possibilities, the iconography (representation of deities, their attributes, postures) and the overall artistic style (facial features, drapery, ornamentation) were largely consistent across stone and metal images within the same period, reflecting the unified artistic tradition of the Chola empire. Differences were mainly in the dynamism possible in bronze casting compared to stone.

Chola bronze sculptures represent a peak in Indian metal art, known for their religious themes and artistic quality.
Iconography provides a framework for representing deities and narratives, guiding artists across different mediums.

The lost-wax technique allowed Chola sculptors to create intricate and complex forms in bronze. Major centres of Chola art included Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram.

26. Who among the following were famous for their metal-casting skills and

Who among the following were famous for their metal-casting skills and used to cast excellent matchlocks during the medieval period ?

Marathas

Rajputs

Ahoms

Gonds

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

The Ahoms, who ruled in Assam for over 600 years (1228-1826), were known for their strong military organization and technological skills, particularly in metallurgy. They were proficient in manufacturing artillery and firearms, including excellent matchlocks, which were crucial for their defence against invaders, including multiple Mughal invasions. Their capabilities in metal casting and weapon production distinguished them during the medieval period.

The Ahoms successfully resisted numerous attempts by the Mughals to conquer their kingdom, partly due to their effective military technology, including the use of cannons and matchlocks.
Their metal-casting skills were a key technological advantage.

While other groups like Marathas and Rajputs were skilled warriors and utilized firearms, the Ahoms are particularly noted for their indigenous production capabilities in this area.

Join Our Telegram Channel

27. Consider the following events leading to the Indian Independence : 1

Consider the following events leading to the Indian Independence :

Join Our Telegram Channel

1. Lucknow Pact
2. Return of Subhash Chandra Bose to India
3. Cripps Mission
4. Naval Mutiny in Bombay

Select the chronological sequence of these events (earliest to latest) from the code given below :

4, 3, 2, 1

3, 4, 2, 1

1, 2, 3, 4

2, 1, 3, 4

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Let’s place the events in their chronological order:
1. Lucknow Pact: Signed in December 1916.
2. Return of Subhash Chandra Bose to India: Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from the Indian Civil Service in 1921 and returned to India to join the national movement.
3. Cripps Mission: Sent by the British government to India in March 1942 to secure Indian support during World War II.
4. Naval Mutiny in Bombay: Occurred in February 1946, involving ratings of the Royal Indian Navy.
The chronological sequence is therefore 1 (1916), 2 (1921), 3 (1942), 4 (1946). This matches option C.

These events represent significant milestones in India’s struggle for independence, reflecting shifts in political alliances, growing nationalist activity, and increasing pressure on the British government.

The Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League, and also saw the reunion of the moderate and extremist factions of the Congress. The Cripps Mission failed due to disagreements over the nature of India’s future government and defence. The Naval Mutiny was one of the final major revolts against British authority before independence.

28. Which of the following is/are the correct components of the “Lion Capi

Which of the following is/are the correct components of the “Lion Capital” at Sarnath ?

Join Our Telegram Channel

1. The shaft (stambha-yashti) or the tall tapering column
2. An elliptical top part – the abacus, devoid of any carvings
3. Overflowing inverted petals below the abacus

Select the answer using the code given below :

1 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Statement 1 refers to the shaft (stambha-yashti), which is the tall column on which the capital rests. While not strictly a component *of* the capital sculpture itself, it is the integral supporting structure commonly associated with the Sarnath Lion Capital pillar. In a broader sense, as the question asks for components *of* the “Lion Capital” structure, the shaft is a component.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The abacus (the circular part above the inverted lotus and below the lions) is round, not elliptical, and is richly carved with figures of animals (lion, elephant, bull, horse) separated by 24-spoke chakras (wheels), representing the Dharmachakra.
Statement 3 is correct. The overflowing inverted petals form the inverted lotus capital, which is a prominent feature below the abacus.
Given that statement 2 is incorrect, options C and D are eliminated. Since statement 3 is correct and there is no ‘3 only’ option, and statement 1 describes the necessary supporting structure which is inextricably linked to the capital, option B (1 and 3 only) is the most plausible answer, interpreting “Lion Capital” to encompass the main structural elements of the pillar and its crowning sculpture.

The Sarnath Lion Capital is a masterpiece of Ashokan sculpture and a national emblem of India.
It consists of an inverted lotus base, a drum/abacus carved with animals and chakras, four addorsed lions, and originally a Dharmachakra on top.

The four lions symbolize power, courage, confidence, and pride. The wheel (chakra) symbolizes the Dharma and movement. The animals on the abacus represent the four directions. The inverted lotus is a common Buddhist symbol representing purity and fertility.

29. In the decoration of Stupas, what does the term ‘Kinjalikini’ refer to

In the decoration of Stupas, what does the term ‘Kinjalikini’ refer to ?

Join Our Telegram Channel

Creepers showing ornaments and textiles

Scarves and saris

Mango shaped pendants

A garland of thousand lotus flowers

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

The term ‘Kinjalikini’ in the context of Buddhist art decoration, particularly on stupas or pillars, refers to a type of decorative motif featuring creepers or scrollwork. These creepers are often elaborate and may incorporate elements resembling ornaments or patterns found on textiles, adding richness to the sculptural surface. Option A best describes this decorative element.

Buddhist art utilizes a variety of symbolic and decorative motifs derived from nature (like creepers, lotuses, animals) and cultural elements (like jewellery, textiles).
These motifs serve both aesthetic purposes and often carry symbolic meanings within the Buddhist context.

Examples of Kinjalikini decoration can be found in the carvings on gateways (toranas) and railings (vedikas) of ancient stupas, adding intricate detail to the stone surfaces.

30. With reference to the Mesolithic art in India, consider the following

With reference to the Mesolithic art in India, consider the following statements :

1. Alexander Burns discovered the first rock paintings in India at Sohagighat in Uttar Pradesh.
2. Bhimbetka rock paintings were discovered when archaeologist V.S. Wakankar noticed the rocks out of a train window while travelling from Bhopal to Itarsi and got off at the nearest railway station to explore the site.
3. The paintings and engravings do not exist in the same shelter in the rock art of Orissa.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only

2 only

2 and 3

1 and 2

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2024

Download PDF Attempt Online

Statement 1 is incorrect. The first discovery of rock paintings in India was made by A.C.L. Carlleyle at Sohagighat in the Kaimur range in 1867-68, not Alexander Burns.
Statement 2 is correct. The discovery of the Bhimbetka rock shelters and paintings by archaeologist V.S. Wakankar in 1957 is often recounted with the detail that he noticed the formations resembling European rock shelters from a train window and decided to explore the area.
Statement 3 is incorrect. Rock art sites in Orissa, like Vikramkhol, are known to contain both paintings and engravings within the same shelters. It is not uncommon for both forms of rock art to coexist at sites across India.

India has a rich history of rock art, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods.
Bhimbetka is a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its extensive collection of rock paintings.

A.C.L. Carlleyle was a British archaeologist who worked with the Archaeological Survey of India. V.S. Wakankar (Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar) was a prominent Indian archaeologist who dedicated his career to the study of prehistoric art.

Join Our Telegram Channel