UPSC CISF-AC-EXE Archives

11. On which storage device is track pattern spiral ?

On which storage device is track pattern spiral ?

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Magnetic disk

Optical disk

Floppy disk

Pendrive

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Optical storage devices such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs store data along a single, continuous track that spirals outwards from the center of the disc. The read head follows this spiral track to access data sequentially or jump to specific locations.
Magnetic disks (like HDDs and floppy disks) use multiple concentric circular tracks on the surface of the platter(s).
Flash memory (like pendrives or SSDs) uses semiconductor memory chips and does not have a physical track pattern in the same sense as disk media.

– Optical disks use a single spiral track.
– Magnetic disks use concentric circular tracks.
– Flash memory uses solid-state storage without physical tracks.

The spiral track allows optical drives to read data in a continuous stream, which is efficient for audio or video playback. The concentric tracks on magnetic disks allow for faster random access using read/write heads that move radially across the platters.

12. Exclusive-OR binary operation can be represented as

Exclusive-OR binary operation can be represented as

$ar{A} cdot B + A cdot ar{B}$

$A cdot ar{B} + ar{A} cdot B$

$A cdot B + ar{A} cdot ar{B}$

$(ar{A} + ar{B}) cdot (A + B)$

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The Exclusive-OR (XOR) binary operation of two inputs A and B is true (1) if and only if the inputs are different. Its truth table is:
A | B | A XOR B
–|—|——–
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 1
1 | 0 | 1
1 | 1 | 0
The Sum of Products (SOP) representation for this function includes minterms where the output is 1. These are when (A=0 and B=1) or (A=1 and B=0).
– A=0 and B=1 is represented as $\bar{A} \cdot B$.
– A=1 and B=0 is represented as $A \cdot \bar{B}$.
Combining these with an OR operator gives the SOP form: $\bar{A} \cdot B + A \cdot \bar{B}$.
Option A is $\bar{A} \cdot B + A \cdot \bar{B}$, which directly matches the standard SOP form of XOR.

– XOR outputs 1 when inputs are different.
– The standard SOP form of XOR(A, B) is $\bar{A}B + A\bar{B}$.
– Boolean algebra allows representing logic functions using AND (`.`), OR (`+`), and NOT (`bar` or prime).

Option B is identical to A due to the commutativity of addition. Option C represents XNOR ($A \cdot B + \bar{A} \cdot \bar{B}$), which is the complement of XOR. Option D, $(A+B)(\bar{A}+\bar{B})$, is the Product of Sums (POS) canonical form for XOR, also a correct representation. However, option A is the standard SOP form.

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13. In case of ASCII representation of characters, in which order will a c

In case of ASCII representation of characters, in which order will a computer sort the strings 23, A1, 1A, a2, 2a, aA and Aa ?

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[amp_mcq option1=”1A<23<2a

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Computers typically sort strings based on the numerical values assigned to characters in a character encoding standard like ASCII. In ASCII:
– Digits (‘0’-‘9’) have values 48-57.
– Uppercase letters (‘A’-‘Z’) have values 65-90.
– Lowercase letters (‘a’-‘z’) have values 97-122.
Thus, digits come before uppercase letters, which come before lowercase letters. Sorting is done character by character from left to right.
Let’s list the strings and their first characters’ ASCII values:
– 23: ‘2’ (50)
– A1: ‘A’ (65)
– 1A: ‘1’ (49)
– a2: ‘a’ (97)
– 2a: ‘2’ (50)
– aA: ‘a’ (97)
– Aa: ‘A’ (65)
Based on the first character, the order is 1A (49), then 23 and 2a (both 50), then A1 and Aa (both 65), then a2 and aA (both 97).
Now compare within groups with the same first character:
– 23 vs 2a: ‘3’ (51) vs ‘a’ (97). ‘3’ < 'a', so 23 comes before 2a. Order: 23, 2a. - A1 vs Aa: '1' (49) vs 'a' (97). '1' < 'a', so A1 comes before Aa. Order: A1, Aa. - a2 vs aA: '2' (50) vs 'A' (65). '2' < 'A', so a2 comes before aA. Order: a2, aA. Combining the ordered groups based on the first character's order: 1A (starts with '1') 23, 2a (start with '2') A1, Aa (start with 'A') a2, aA (start with 'a') The final sorted order is 1A, 23, 2a, A1, Aa, a2, aA. This matches option A.

– ASCII sorting is based on the numerical value of each character.
– Sorting is lexicographical, comparing characters from left to right.
– Digit characters have lower ASCII values than uppercase letters, which have lower values than lowercase letters.

Different character encodings (like EBCDIC) have different sorting orders. However, ASCII and its extensions are prevalent, especially in contexts like file systems and databases, making this sorting order common.

14. Convert 1AC in hexadecimal into a decimal number.

Convert 1AC in hexadecimal into a decimal number.

428

424

408

420

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To convert a hexadecimal number (base 16) to a decimal number (base 10), we multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16 and sum the results. The hexadecimal number is 1AC.
Starting from the rightmost digit, the powers of 16 are $16^0, 16^1, 16^2$, and so on.
In hexadecimal, A represents 10, B represents 11, C represents 12.
$1AC_{16} = 1 \times 16^2 + A \times 16^1 + C \times 16^0$
$ = 1 \times 256 + 10 \times 16 + 12 \times 1$
$ = 256 + 160 + 12$
$ = 416 + 12 = 428$.
The decimal equivalent is 428.

– Hexadecimal uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F to represent values 0-15.
– Conversion to decimal involves summing products of digits and powers of the base (16).
– The position of the digit determines the power of 16.

Hexadecimal is often used in computing as a compact representation of binary data because $16 = 2^4$, meaning each hexadecimal digit represents exactly four binary bits.

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15. Which of the following is/are bit manipulation operators ? 1. || 2.

Which of the following is/are bit manipulation operators ?

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1. ||
2. ^
3. >>
4. <<

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 only

1, 2 and 3

2 and 4 only

1, 2 and 4

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Bit manipulation operators (or bitwise operators) perform operations on individual bits of integers. From the given list:
1. `||` is the logical OR operator, which operates on boolean values (or treats non-zero as true). It is not a bit manipulation operator.
2. `^` is the bitwise XOR operator, which compares corresponding bits and returns 1 if they are different, and 0 if they are the same. This is a bit manipulation operator.
3. `>>` is the bitwise right shift operator, which shifts all bits in an operand to the right by a specified number of positions. This is a bit manipulation operator.
4. `<<` is the bitwise left shift operator, which shifts all bits in an operand to the left by a specified number of positions. This is a bit manipulation operator. Operators 2 (`^`), 3 (`>>`), and 4 (`<<`) are bit manipulation operators. Option C lists 2 and 4 only. While 3 is also correct, Option C contains only correct operators from the list, unlike options B and D which incorrectly include 1 (`||`). Given the options, C is the most plausible correct answer, assuming it lists a subset of the correct operators from the provided list.

– Bitwise operators work on the binary representation of numbers.
– Common bitwise operators include AND (`&`), OR (`|`), XOR (`^`), NOT (`~`), left shift (`<<`), and right shift (`>>`).
– Logical operators (`&&`, `||`, `!`) work on boolean values.

The options provided seem incomplete as `>>` (3) is also a bit manipulation operator. However, option C correctly identifies two bit manipulation operators from the list without including any incorrect ones.

16. Find the decimal equivalent of the binary number 110.101.

Find the decimal equivalent of the binary number 110.101.

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6.5

6.625

6.5

6.25

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To convert a binary number with a fractional part to decimal, we sum the products of each digit and its corresponding power of 2. For the number 110.101:
Integer part (110): $1 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 0 \times 2^0 = 1 \times 4 + 1 \times 2 + 0 \times 1 = 4 + 2 + 0 = 6$.
Fractional part (.101): $1 \times 2^{-1} + 0 \times 2^{-2} + 1 \times 2^{-3} = 1 \times 0.5 + 0 \times 0.25 + 1 \times 0.125 = 0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.625$.
The decimal equivalent is the sum of the integer and fractional parts: $6 + 0.625 = 6.625$.

– The position of each binary digit corresponds to a power of 2.
– Digits to the left of the decimal point have positive powers ($2^0, 2^1, …$).
– Digits to the right of the decimal point have negative powers ($2^{-1}, 2^{-2}, …$).

$2^0 = 1$, $2^1 = 2$, $2^2 = 4$, $2^{-1} = 0.5$, $2^{-2} = 0.25$, $2^{-3} = 0.125$. This method applies to converting any base-N number to decimal.

17. ‘A’ voluntarily throws into a river, a ring belonging to ‘Z’ with the

‘A’ voluntarily throws into a river, a ring belonging to ‘Z’ with the intention of thereby causing wrongful loss to ‘Z’. ‘A’ has committed

theft.

mischief.

criminal breach of trust.

cheating.

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The scenario described, where ‘A’ voluntarily throws ‘Z’s ring into a river with the intention of causing wrongful loss to ‘Z’, fits the definition of ‘mischief’ under Section 425 of the Indian Penal Code. Mischief involves intentionally causing destruction to any property, or any such change in any property or in the situation thereof as destroys or diminishes its value or utility, or affects it injuriously, with the intent to cause wrongful loss or damage. Throwing the ring into the river destroys its utility and causes wrongful loss.

– Mischief requires intention to cause wrongful loss or damage.
– It involves causing destruction or diminution of value/utility of property.
– Throwing an item into a river to cause loss constitutes mischief.

Theft (A) requires taking property out of possession. Criminal breach of trust (C) involves misappropriating property entrusted to someone. Cheating (D) involves deception to cause delivery of property or harm. None of these applies to the destruction of property as described.

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18. Under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the term ‘Human Rights

Under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the term ‘Human Rights’ has been defined as

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basic rights to food, shelter and clothing.

inalienable rights of a human being.

the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution of India.

the rights ensuring liberty, equality, fraternity and state sovereignty.

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The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, defines ‘Human Rights’ in Section 2(1)(d) as “the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India”. Option C precisely captures the core definition focusing on rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.

– The definition includes rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India.
– It also includes rights embodied in International Covenants enforceable by courts in India.
– The rights specifically mentioned are related to life, liberty, equality, and dignity.

The Act established the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) to protect and promote human rights in India. The definition is broad enough to include internationally recognized human rights that are also enforceable domestically.

19. The National Human Rights Commission conducts inquiries into incidents

The National Human Rights Commission conducts inquiries into incidents where human rights have been violated. Such inquiry shall be initiated by the Commission

only upon a petition presented to it by a victim.

only when it is directed to do so by a Court.

suo motu or on a petition by the victim or any person on the victim's behalf or on a direction or order of any Court.

only when such complaint is forwarded by the concerned SHO.

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The correct answer is C.

Section 12(a) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, which lists the functions of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), states that the Commission shall “inquire, suo motu or on a petition presented to it by a victim or any person on his behalf, into complaint of… violation of human rights…”. This covers the initiation of inquiry suo motu or upon petition. While the Act primarily lists suo motu action and petitions as modes of initiation, courts frequently direct the NHRC or State Human Rights Commissions to conduct inquiries into matters involving human rights violations. This is a recognized mode of initiation in practice.

Options A, B, and D are restrictive. Option A is incorrect because suo motu action is also permitted. Option B is incorrect because the Commission can initiate inquiry suo motu or on a petition, not just upon court direction. Option D is incorrect as complaints are not initiated solely based on forwarding by an SHO; the Commission receives complaints directly from victims, others, or acts on its own motion. Option C covers the range of ways initiation can occur: on its own motion, based on complaints/petitions, and also upon direction from a Court.

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20. Under the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atr

Under the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, which one of the following is not permitted?

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Anticipatory Bail

Registration of FIR without preliminary enquiry

Arrest of an accused by the Investigating Officer without prior approval

Bail

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The correct answer is A.

Section 18 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, states that “Nothing in section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 shall apply in relation to any case involving the commission of, or attempt to commit, any offence under this Act.” Section 438 of the CrPC deals with Anticipatory Bail. Therefore, Anticipatory Bail is explicitly prohibited under the SC/ST Act.

Section 18A, inserted later, further clarifies that preliminary inquiry shall not be required for registration of an FIR against any person and that the investigating officer shall not require any approval for arrest. This means Registration of FIR without preliminary enquiry (B) and Arrest of an accused without prior approval (C) are permitted/required under the Act. Regular Bail (D), applied for after arrest (under Section 439 CrPC), is not absolutely prohibited, although the conditions for granting it are stringent.