UPSC CDS-1 Archives

41. Arrange the following events chronologically starting from the earlies

Arrange the following events chronologically starting from the earliest :

1. Ahmedabad Mill Strike
2. Champaran Satyagraha
3. Foundation of the Satyagraha Sabha
4. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

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1, 2, 3, 4

2, 1, 3, 4

2, 4, 1, 3

4, 2, 1, 3

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The correct chronological order of the events is Champaran Satyagraha, Ahmedabad Mill Strike, Foundation of the Satyagraha Sabha, and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

1. Champaran Satyagraha: April 1917 – Gandhi’s first Satyagraha in India, against the tinkathia system in Bihar.
2. Ahmedabad Mill Strike: March 1918 – Gandhi’s second major intervention, related to a wage dispute between mill workers and owners.
3. Foundation of the Satyagraha Sabha: February 1919 – Formed by Gandhi to launch a Satyagraha against the oppressive Rowlatt Act.
4. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: April 13, 1919 – Occurred in Amritsar during the protests against the Rowlatt Act.

These events represent some of the initial major campaigns led by Mahatma Gandhi after his return to India from South Africa in 1915, marking his emergence as a prominent leader in the Indian nationalist movement.

42. Who among the following pioneering Bengali women serialised her autobi

Who among the following pioneering Bengali women serialised her autobiography Amar Katha between 1910 and 1913 ?

Binodini Dasi

Rashsundari Debi

Begum Rokeya Sakhavat Hossain

Kailashbashini Debi

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Binodini Dasi serialised her autobiography *Amar Katha* between 1910 and 1913.

Binodini Dasi (1863-1941) was a prominent figure in Bengali theatre and a pioneering actress of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Her autobiography, *Amar Katha* (My Story), provides a vivid account of her life, experiences in theatre, and the social conditions of the time. It was serialised in the magazine ‘Pravasi’ between 1910 and 1913.

Rashsundari Debi wrote *Amar Jiban* (My Life), which is considered the first full-fledged autobiography written by a Bengali woman, published in 1876. Begum Rokeya Sakhavat Hossain was a prominent feminist writer, educator, and social activist. Kailashbashini Debi was another early Bengali woman writer. While all are significant figures, Binodini Dasi is the one whose autobiography *Amar Katha* was serialised during the specified period.

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43. Which of the following terms were used in the Indo-Persian sources of

Which of the following terms were used in the Indo-Persian sources of the Mughal period to denote a peasant ?

1. Raiyat
2. Asami
3. Muzarian
4. Majur

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3 only

1, 3 and 4 only

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The terms Raiyat, Asami, and Muzarian were used in the Indo-Persian sources of the Mughal period to denote a peasant.

During the Mughal period, several terms were used to refer to peasants or cultivators in official documents and historical accounts. ‘Raiyat’ (or Ryot) was a very common term for a peasant cultivator or subject. ‘Asami’ was also frequently used for a tenant or cultivator, especially in revenue records. ‘Muzarian’ (plural of Muzari) referred to a tenant cultivator or peasant.

‘Majur’ typically refers to a labourer or daily wage worker, who might work on land but is generally distinguished from a ‘raiyat’ or ‘asami’ who held cultivation rights or responsibilities for specific plots. Therefore, ‘Raiyat’, ‘Asami’, and ‘Muzarian’ were the terms primarily used for peasants in the sense of cultivators holding land, while ‘Majur’ referred to a labourer.

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44. In Part-IVA of the Constitution of India, which one of the following i

In Part-IVA of the Constitution of India, which one of the following is not mentioned as a duty of every citizen of India ?

To render national service when called upon to do so

To renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women

To value and preserve a unitary national culture

To develop the spirit of inquiry and reform

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The statement “To value and preserve a unitary national culture” is not mentioned as a duty of every citizen in Part-IVA of the Constitution of India.

Part IVA of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, lists the Fundamental Duties in Article 51A. The duty listed in Article 51A(f) is “to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture”. The phrase “unitary national culture” is not used; instead, the emphasis is on “composite culture,” reflecting India’s diversity.

The other options are indeed listed as Fundamental Duties:
(A) To render national service when called upon to do so (Article 51A(d)).
(B) To renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51A(e)).
(D) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform (Article 51A(h)).
There are currently eleven Fundamental Duties in total (the 11th duty regarding education was added by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002).

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45. Which of the following statements with regard to the Preamble to the C

Which of the following statements with regard to the Preamble to the Constitution of India is/are correct ?
Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1. Equality of status and equality of opportunity find mention in the Preamble.
2. The expression ‘unity and integrity of the Nation’ was not there in the Preamble since the beginning.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 with regard to the Preamble to the Constitution of India are correct.

Statement 1: The Preamble explicitly mentions “Equality of status and of opportunity” among the objectives to be secured for all citizens.
Statement 2: The original Preamble adopted by the Constituent Assembly declared India to be a “Sovereign Democratic Republic” and resolved to secure to all its citizens Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, assuring the “unity of the Nation”. The expression “and integrity” was added after “unity of the Nation” by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976. Therefore, the expression ‘unity and integrity of the Nation’ as a whole was not in the Preamble since the beginning.

The Preamble is an introductory statement of the Constitution, which states the rules and guiding values and philosophy of the document. It was amended once by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, which added the words ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’, and ‘Integrity’.

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46. Which one of the following statements with regard to the Election Comm

Which one of the following statements with regard to the Election Commission is not correct ?

It conducts elections to the office of the Vice President of India.

An Election Commissioner can be removed from his office without the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.

Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India.

Governor of a State is constitutionally bound to provide support staff to the Election Commission, if required.

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The statement that an Election Commissioner can be removed from his office without the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner is not correct.

Article 324(5) of the Constitution of India lays down the procedure for the removal of Election Commissioners and Regional Commissioners. It states that an Election Commissioner or a Regional Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed in the same manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners as the President may from time to time fix. The conditions of service and tenure of office of the Election Commissioners and the Regional Commissioners are determined by the President. The President appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners. The Election Commission conducts elections to the Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President. Governors (and the President) are constitutionally bound to make available necessary support staff to the Election Commission for the discharge of its functions, if requested.

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47. Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India, as it stands amended, incl

Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India, as it stands amended, includes which of the following ?
Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Assemble peaceably and without arms
3. To acquire and dispose property
4. To move freely throughout the territory of India

1 and 2 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

4 only

1, 2 and 4 only

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Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India, as it stands amended, includes 1, 2 and 4 only.

Article 19(1) guarantees six fundamental freedoms to citizens:
1. Freedom of speech and expression [Article 19(1)(a)]. This is included.
2. Assemble peaceably and without arms [Article 19(1)(b)]. This is included.
3. To acquire and dispose property [originally Article 19(1)(f)]. The right to property was removed from the list of fundamental rights under Article 19(1) by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978. It was made a constitutional right under Article 300A. This is not included in Article 19(1) as it stands amended.
4. To move freely throughout the territory of India [Article 19(1)(d)]. This is included.
Therefore, as per the amended Article 19(1), it includes freedoms 1, 2, and 4 from the given list.

The original Article 19(1) contained seven freedoms, including the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property. The 44th Amendment Act, 1978, during the Janata Party government, repealed Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, thereby removing the right to property from the list of fundamental rights and making it a legal right under Article 300A.

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48. Which of the following factors signify monopolistic competition ? Sele

Which of the following factors signify monopolistic competition ?
Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1. Differentiated products
2. Large number of buyers and sellers
3. Barriers to entry
4. Homogeneous products

1 and 2 only

1, 2 and 3 only

3 and 4 only

2 and 4 only

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The factors signifying monopolistic competition are 1 and 2 only.

Monopolistic competition is a market structure characterized by:
1. Differentiated products: Firms sell products that are close substitutes but not identical (e.g., through branding, quality, features, location). This gives firms some degree of market power. This factor is correct.
2. Large number of buyers and sellers: There are many firms, each relatively small compared to the overall market, and many buyers. This factor is correct.
3. Barriers to entry: Monopolistic competition is characterized by low barriers to entry and exit, unlike monopolies or oligopolies. Significant barriers to entry would prevent new firms from joining when profits are high. This factor is incorrect.
4. Homogeneous products: Homogeneous products are characteristic of perfect competition (where products are identical), not monopolistic competition. This factor is incorrect.
Thus, only factors 1 and 2 are characteristic of monopolistic competition among the listed options.

Examples of monopolistically competitive markets include restaurants, hairdressers, clothing stores, and consumer electronics. Firms in these markets differentiate their products through branding, advertising, and other non-price strategies.

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49. Infant mortality ratio of which one of the following countries is comp

Infant mortality ratio of which one of the following countries is comparable to that of India ?

China

United States of America

Sri Lanka

None of the above

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None of the above.

Based on available data from international organizations (like World Bank, UNICEF) over the past few decades, India’s Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) has been significantly higher than that of China, the United States of America, and Sri Lanka. While India has made considerable progress in reducing its IMR, the rates in these other countries have been consistently lower. Therefore, the IMR of these countries is not comparable to India’s in terms of being close in value.

Infant Mortality Rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. It is a key indicator of a country’s health status, socioeconomic conditions, and quality of healthcare. Countries like Sri Lanka have historically performed much better than India in terms of social indicators like IMR, despite similar levels of economic development in earlier periods.

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50. Which one of the following does not influence quantity demanded for

Which one of the following does not influence quantity demanded for a good ?

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Good's own price

Price of a complementary good

Price of a substitute good

Prices of inputs into production of the good

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Prices of inputs into production of the good does not influence quantity demanded for a good.

The quantity demanded of a good is influenced by factors affecting consumer’s willingness and ability to buy. These include the good’s own price, prices of related goods (substitutes and complements), consumer income, tastes and preferences, and expectations.
– Good’s own price causes a movement along the demand curve.
– Price of a complementary good and Price of a substitute good shift the demand curve.
– Prices of inputs into production (like labour, raw materials) affect the cost of production. This influences the supply side, shifting the supply curve. It does not directly affect the quantity demanded by consumers at any given price.

Changes in the price of a good cause a movement along the demand curve (change in quantity demanded), while changes in other factors influencing demand cause a shift in the entire demand curve (change in demand). Factors influencing supply include prices of inputs, technology, number of sellers, and expectations.