UPSC CDS-1

21. Which one of the following terms represents the maxim, ‘no man/person

Which one of the following terms represents the maxim, ‘no man/person shall be condemned unheard’?

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Autrefois acquit
Non bis in idem
Autrefois convict
Audi Alteram Partem
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The maxim ‘no man/person shall be condemned unheard’ is a fundamental principle of natural justice. In legal terms, this principle is known as *Audi Alteram Partem*, which is Latin for “hear the other side”. It requires that a person has the right to a fair hearing before a decision is made against them.
‘Audi Alteram Partem’ is a cornerstone of natural justice ensuring the right to be heard.
*Autrefois acquit* and *Autrefois convict* are legal pleas in criminal law related to the rule against double jeopardy (meaning one cannot be tried twice for the same crime if previously acquitted or convicted). *Non bis in idem* is the Latin equivalent of double jeopardy.

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22. Which one of the following land surfaces has the highest albedo?

Which one of the following land surfaces has the highest albedo?

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A snow covered mountain
A barren rocky piedmont surface
A sandy desert
A mangrove forest
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Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. Surfaces with high albedo reflect a large proportion of incoming solar radiation, while surfaces with low albedo absorb more. Among the given options, a snow-covered mountain, especially with fresh snow, has the highest albedo (typically 80-90%). A sandy desert (20-40%), a barren rocky surface (variable, but generally lower than snow), and a mangrove forest (10-20%) have significantly lower albedos.
Fresh snow is one of the most reflective natural surfaces on Earth.
Albedo plays a significant role in climate and temperature regulation. High albedo surfaces reflect sunlight, helping to keep temperatures cooler, while low albedo surfaces absorb sunlight, warming the surface and the surrounding air. The ice-albedo feedback loop is a critical component of climate change understanding.

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23. Mount Thullier (642 m) is an important mountain peak of Andaman and Ni

Mount Thullier (642 m) is an important mountain peak of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is located in:

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North Andaman
Middle Andaman
South Andaman
Great Nicobar
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Mount Thullier, with an elevation of 642 metres, is the highest point in the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is located in the southern part of Great Nicobar Island.
Mount Thullier is the highest peak of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands group.
Great Nicobar Island is the largest island of the Nicobar group and the southernmost island of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, encompassing a large part of the island including Mount Thullier, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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24. Which one of the following is the most important factor for the formul

Which one of the following is the most important factor for the formulation of smog?

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Formation of an 'inversion lid'
Long winter nights
Presence of many air pollutant resources
Rapid fall in temperature with increasing height above the sea level
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Smog is formed when pollutants (like smoke, sulfur dioxide, or vehicular emissions) combine with fog or react in the presence of sunlight (photochemical smog). A temperature inversion, forming an ‘inversion lid’, traps these pollutants close to the ground, preventing vertical mixing and dispersion. This concentration of pollutants significantly enhances the formation and severity of smog. While the presence of pollutants is necessary, their accumulation caused by the inversion is the most critical factor for formulation (concentration and reactions) of intense smog events.
Temperature inversion (inversion lid) is crucial for trapping pollutants near the surface, leading to high concentrations necessary for smog formation.
Normal atmospheric conditions involve temperature decreasing with height, promoting vertical air movement and dispersion of pollutants. An inversion layer is a layer where temperature increases with height, acting like a lid on the air below it. Long winter nights can contribute to stable conditions and ground-level inversions, but the inversion itself is the direct mechanism trapping pollutants. Rapid fall in temperature with height (normal lapse rate) disperses pollutants, preventing smog formation.

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25. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:
List I (Lake)
List II (State)
Kaliveli
Khajjiar
Khecheopalri
Vembanad
1. Sikkim
2. Kerala
3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Tamil Nadu

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A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
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The correct matches are: Kaliveli wetland is located in Tamil Nadu (specifically Villupuram district). Khajjiar Lake is in Himachal Pradesh (Chamba district). Khecheopalri Lake is in Sikkim (West Sikkim district). Vembanad Lake is in Kerala (longest lake in India). Matching these gives A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2, which corresponds to option A.
Specific geographical features like lakes are located within defined political boundaries (states).
Kaliveli is a significant coastal wetland and bird sanctuary. Khajjiar is a popular tourist destination often called ‘Mini Switzerland of India’. Khecheopalri is a sacred lake for Buddhists and Lepchas. Vembanad is a large Ramsar site important for biodiversity and economic activities like fishing and tourism (backwaters).

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26. Which of the following variable(s) is/are displayed in population pyra

Which of the following variable(s) is/are displayed in population pyramids?
1. Age-groups
2. Sex indicators (male and female)

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1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the distribution of a population by age and sex. The pyramid typically displays age groups vertically and separates males and females horizontally. Thus, both age groups and sex indicators are displayed.
A population pyramid visually depicts the age-sex structure of a population.
The shape of a population pyramid provides insights into the demographic history and future potential of a population, including birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, and migration patterns. A broad base indicates a high birth rate, while a narrow base suggests a low birth rate. A large proportion of older people suggests higher life expectancy.

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27. Consider the following statements about Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism :

Consider the following statements about Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism :

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  • 1. Rummindei Pillar Inscription and Nigali Sagar Pillar Inscription provide clear evidence of Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism.
  • 2. Minor Rock Edict-I gives evidence of a sudden change in Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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Statement 1 is correct. The Rummindei Pillar Inscription records Ashoka’s pilgrimage to Lumbini (birthplace of Buddha) and his grant of tax concessions there, indicating his reverence for Buddhism. The Nigali Sagar Pillar Inscription records Ashoka’s visit and enlargement of the stupa of Konagamana Buddha, another strong indicator of his patronage and faith in Buddhism.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Minor Rock Edict I does describe Ashoka’s initial period of less intense practice and his subsequent increased effort and propagation of Dhamma after becoming a Buddhist lay follower (upasaka) for over two and a half years. However, it speaks of a process of gradual increased zeal and influence (“I have made the people more zealous”) rather than a sudden change in faith.
Ashoka’s pillar inscriptions at Rummindei and Nigali Sagar provide direct evidence of his visits to Buddhist holy sites and patronage, affirming his faith. Minor Rock Edict I describes his gradual deepening of faith and efforts, not a sudden conversion.
Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism is often associated with the Kalinga War, but inscriptions like Minor Rock Edict I suggest a more gradual process of strengthening his adherence and active propagation of Dhamma. His Dhamma policies were based on Buddhist principles but encompassed broader moral and social ethics intended for all subjects, irrespective of their faith.

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28. Which one of the following was not a part of Kautilya’s Saptanga Theor

Which one of the following was not a part of Kautilya’s Saptanga Theory of the State ?

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Amatya
Janapada
Durga
Dhamma
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Kautilya’s Saptanga (seven limbs) theory identifies the fundamental constituent elements of a state as Swami (King), Amatya (Minister/Administration), Janapada (Territory and Population), Durga (Fort), Kosha (Treasury), Danda (Army/Force), and Mitra (Ally). Dhamma (Dharma), meaning righteousness, moral duty, or religious law, while a crucial concept in Indian philosophy and particularly associated with Ashoka’s reign (Dhamma Vijaya), is not one of the seven constituent elements listed in Kautilya’s Saptanga theory of the state.
Kautilya’s Saptanga theory lists seven components of the state structure, which are different from moral or religious concepts like Dhamma.
Amatya, Janapada, and Durga are explicitly listed among the seven limbs of the state in the Arthashastra. Kautilya’s Arthashastra focuses on the practical aspects of statecraft, administration, and warfare.

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29. Consider the following statements : 1. In the 19th century, peasants

Consider the following statements :

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  • 1. In the 19th century, peasants in various parts of India rose in revolt against moneylenders and grain dealers.
  • 2. In May 1875, at village Supa in Poona District in the Bombay Deccan, peasants attacked shopkeepers, burnt the bahi khatas (account books), looted grain shops and set fire to the houses of Sahukars.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

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1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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Statement 1 is correct. The 19th century witnessed several peasant uprisings across India. A significant cause of discontent was exploitation by moneylenders (sahukars) and grain dealers, alongside other grievances against landlords and the colonial state’s policies. Examples include the Deccan Riots, the Pabna agrarian league, etc.
Statement 2 is correct. The Deccan Riots of 1875 were a series of riots by peasants against moneylenders in the Poona and Ahmednagar districts of Maharashtra. The riots began in May 1875 in Supa village (Poona district), where peasants attacked the houses and shops of moneylenders, burnt account books (bahi khatas), and looted grain.
Peasant revolts against moneylenders were a feature of 19th-century India, and the Deccan Riots of 1875, starting in Supa, Poona, are a specific example involving attacks on moneylenders and their records.
The Deccan Riots were investigated by a commission, leading to the passing of the Deccan Agriculturists’ Relief Act of 1879, which provided some protection to peasants against moneylenders. Other significant peasant movements of the 19th century included the Indigo Revolt (1859-60) and the Moplah Rebellion (various periods).

30. Who among the following belonged to Serampore Mission ? 1. William Car

Who among the following belonged to Serampore Mission ?
1. William Carey
2. Joshua Marshman
3. William Ward
4. David Hare
Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3 only
2, 3 and 4 only
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William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward were prominent English Baptist missionaries who established the Serampore Mission in Bengal in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They were known as the “Serampore Trio” and were pioneers in printing and translation of the Bible into various Indian languages, as well as education. David Hare was a Scottish philanthropist and watchmaker who settled in Calcutta and played a significant role in establishing educational institutions like the Hindu College and Hare School, but he was not part of the Serampore Missionaries.
The Serampore Missionaries were William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward.
William Carey is often called the “father of modern missions”. The Serampore Mission was crucial in the early efforts of Christian missionary work in India and contributed significantly to Bengali literature and education through printing and educational institutions. David Hare was a key figure in the Bengal Renaissance through his contributions to secular education.

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