UPSC NDA-2

31. The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh), which

The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is equal to

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$3.6 imes 10^6$ J
$3.6 imes 10^3$ J
$10^3$ J
1 J
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The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh). Energy consumed is calculated as Power multiplied by Time.
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 Watts (W)
1 hour (h) = 3600 seconds (s)
Energy (Joules) = Power (Watts) × Time (seconds)
1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 h = 1000 W × 3600 s = 3,600,000 Joules (J)
In scientific notation, this is $3.6 \times 10^6$ J.
1 kWh is the energy used by a 1 kW device operating for 1 hour. The conversion factor from kilowatt-hour to Joules is obtained by converting kilowatts to watts and hours to seconds.
The Joule is the SI unit of energy, but for practical purposes, especially for calculating electricity consumption in households and industries, kilowatt-hour is commonly used. It represents a larger unit of energy. 1 unit of electricity on a meter typically corresponds to 1 kWh.

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32. Which one of the following statements about earthquake waves is not

Which one of the following statements about earthquake waves is not correct?

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P waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface.
P waves can travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials.
Seismographs located beyond 145° from epicentre can record the arrival of P waves.
P waves have maximum area covered under its shadow zone.
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Let’s examine each statement about earthquake waves:
A) P waves (Primary waves) are the fastest seismic waves and are the first to reach any point on the Earth’s surface or within it. This statement is correct.
B) P waves are compressional waves and can travel through solid, liquid, and gaseous mediums. This statement is correct.
C) Seismographs located beyond 145° from the epicenter *can* record P waves, but these are the P waves that have been refracted by the Earth’s core. There is a P-wave shadow zone between approximately 105° and 145° where direct P waves are not recorded due to refraction. Beyond 145°, refracted P waves arrive. This statement is correct.
D) The shadow zone for P waves is the area between ~105° and ~145°. S waves (Secondary waves) cannot travel through the liquid outer core, resulting in an S-wave shadow zone that starts at ~105° and extends to the entire hemisphere beyond that. Therefore, the S-wave shadow zone is much larger than the P-wave shadow zone. This statement is incorrect.
The key difference in shadow zones is that P waves are refracted by the core (creating a partial shadow zone), while S waves are stopped by the liquid outer core (creating a larger, complete shadow zone beyond 105°).
Earthquake waves provide valuable information about the Earth’s interior structure. The existence and size of the shadow zones for P and S waves were crucial in determining the presence of a liquid outer core.

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33. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

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List-I
(Railway Zone)		 List-II
(Headquarters)
A. East Central 1. Gorakhpur
B. North Eastern 2. Jaipur
C. Northeast Frontier 3. Hajipur
D. North Western 4. Maligaon

Code :

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A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
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Let’s match the Railway Zones with their correct Headquarters:
A. East Central Railway: Hajipur
B. North Eastern Railway: Gorakhpur
C. Northeast Frontier Railway: Maligaon (Guwahati)
D. North Western Railway: Jaipur
Matching the provided lists based on the correct headquarters for each railway zone gives:
A – 3 (Hajipur)
B – 1 (Gorakhpur)
C – 4 (Maligaon)
D – 2 (Jaipur)
Indian Railways is divided into several zones for administrative purposes. Knowing the headquarters of these zones is a common factual question in Indian geography and general knowledge. The current number of railway zones in India is 18.

34. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. India has one o

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

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  • 1. India has one of the longest navigable inland water networks in the world.
  • 2. Inland waterways presently help in transporting about 25 percent of the total cargo movement.
  • 3. About 111 inland waterways have been declared as National Waterways as National Waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
3 only
1 and 3 only
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Let’s evaluate each statement:
1. India has a vast network of rivers, canals, backwaters, etc., providing a potentially large navigable inland water network. While debate exists on whether it’s ‘one of the longest’ compared to countries like China or the USA, the declared network size is substantial. This statement is generally accepted as correct in the context of India’s geographical potential and declared network.
2. Inland waterways currently carry a very small percentage of India’s total cargo traffic. Official estimates vary but are typically around 2-5%. 25 percent is significantly higher and incorrect.
3. The National Waterways Act, 2016, declared 111 waterways as National Waterways, incorporating the 5 existing National Waterways and declaring an additional 106. This statement is correct.
Statement 2 is factually incorrect regarding the percentage of cargo transported by inland waterways in India. Statements 1 and 3 are generally considered correct in the context of India’s inland water transport potential and policy developments.
The Indian government is actively promoting the development of inland waterways to decongest roads and railways, reduce logistics costs, and provide an environmentally friendly mode of transport. Despite potential, the actual utilization for cargo transport remains low compared to other modes.

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35. The major portion of the Great Artesian Basin in Australia is located

The major portion of the Great Artesian Basin in Australia is located in

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Western Australia
Victoria
Queensland
Northern Territory
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The Great Artesian Basin is a vast and deep groundwater basin in Australia. It underlies about 22% of the continent, including most of Queensland, the north-eastern part of South Australia, the south-eastern part of the Northern Territory, and the north-western part of New South Wales.
While the basin spans across several states and territories, the largest portion by area is located within the state of Queensland.
The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world. It is a crucial water source for arid and semi-arid inland areas of Australia, supporting pastoral activities, mining, and communities. Artesian groundwater is water that rises to the surface under its own pressure.

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36. In India, a cultivable land which is left uncultivated for more than a

In India, a cultivable land which is left uncultivated for more than a year but less than five years is labelled as

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cultivable wasteland
current fallow
fallow other than current fallow
barren and wasteland
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A cultivable land which is left uncultivated for more than a year but less than five years is labelled as fallow other than current fallow.
In Indian land use classification, fallow lands are defined based on the period they are left uncultivated. ‘Current fallow’ refers to land that is left uncultivated for a period of one agricultural year or less. ‘Fallow other than current fallow’ (also known as Old Fallow) refers to land that has been left uncultivated for a period of more than one year but less than five years. ‘Culturable wasteland’ is land available for cultivation but not cultivated for more than five years. ‘Barren and wasteland’ is land that cannot be brought under cultivation without disproportionate cost.
Leaving land fallow is a traditional agricultural practice to allow the soil to recover fertility naturally. The specific classification helps in understanding land use patterns, agricultural potential, and planning strategies for land management and development.

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37. Which of the following statements is/are correct? The Dutch East Ind

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

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  • The Dutch East India Company was formed after the formation of the British East India Company.
  • Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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Both statements are correct.
Statement 1: The British East India Company received its Royal Charter in 1600. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was formed in 1602 through the merger of several smaller Dutch trading companies. Thus, the Dutch East India Company was formed after the British East India Company. Statement 2: The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama successfully navigated a sea route around Africa and reached Calicut (Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of India on May 20, 1498. This event marked the beginning of direct maritime trade between Europe and India, bypassing the traditional land routes.
The formation of the British and Dutch East India Companies marked the organized entry of these European powers into the lucrative East Indies trade, leading to competition with existing powers like Portugal and later France. Vasco da Gama’s voyage was a pivotal moment in the age of discovery, opening up new possibilities for trade and colonization.

38. Where in South India did the British East India Company construct a tr

Where in South India did the British East India Company construct a trading post in 1639?

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Cuddalore
Madraspatam
Kalahasti
Karwar
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The British East India Company constructed a trading post at Madraspatam (later Madras, now Chennai) in South India in 1639.
In 1639, Francis Day obtained the site of Madraspatam from the local ruler, Damarla Venkata Nayaka, who was a representative of the Raja of Chandragiri (the last ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire). Here, the British built Fort St. George, which became the headquarters of the British settlements on the Coromandel Coast and the nucleus around which the city of Madras (Chennai) grew. This was a crucial step in establishing British presence and trade in South India.
Prior to Madraspatam, the British had established trading posts elsewhere, including Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) on the Coromandel Coast in 1611. Cuddalore (Fort St. David) became an important British settlement south of Pondicherry later in the 17th century.

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39. Which one of the following battles could be seen as laying the formal

Which one of the following battles could be seen as laying the formal foundation of the British Raj in India?

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Third Battle of Panipat
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Revolt of 1857
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The Battle of Buxar could be seen as laying the formal foundation of the British Raj in India.
While the Battle of Plassey (1757) marked the beginning of the British political influence in Bengal and paved the way for their eventual dominance, the Battle of Buxar (1764) was more decisive in establishing the formal foundation of British rule. In the aftermath of Buxar, the British East India Company was granted the Diwani rights (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II through the Treaty of Allahabad (1765). This grant provided the Company with significant administrative and financial power, transitioning their role from a trading company to a territorial power with formal legal authority, thus laying the formal foundation of the British Raj.
The Third Battle of Panipat (1761) significantly weakened the Marathas but did not establish British rule. The Revolt of 1857 led to the transfer of power from the British East India Company to the British Crown in 1858, marking the consolidation of British rule, but the foundation was laid earlier. The Battle of Plassey was significant for establishing political control, but Buxar provided the formal administrative and financial basis for direct rule.

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40. Consider the following events : Establishment of the Planning Commis

Consider the following events :

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  • Establishment of the Planning Commission
  • Formation of the National Development Council (NDC)
  • Approval of the First Five-Year Plan by the NDC
  • Constitution of the National Planning Committee

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of the above events?

1-2-3-4
2-1-3-4
4-1-2-3
1-4-2-3
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The correct chronological sequence of the given events is Constitution of the National Planning Committee (1938), Establishment of the Planning Commission (1950), Formation of the National Development Council (NDC) (1952), and Approval of the First Five-Year Plan by the NDC (after 1952).
The National Planning Committee was set up in 1938 under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru by the Indian National Congress, marking an early conceptualization of planning in India. After independence, the Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by a Resolution of the Government of India as an advisory body to formulate Five-Year Plans. The First Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951. The National Development Council (NDC) was constituted in August 1952 as the highest body below the Union Cabinet for planning and approval of plans. The NDC reviews and approves national plans, including the Five-Year Plans. Although the First Plan was launched in 1951, its formal approval and oversight fell under the purview of the NDC once it was formed in 1952.
The National Planning Committee (1938) represented pre-independence efforts towards economic planning. The Planning Commission was the central body for drafting plans post-independence, which was replaced by the NITI Aayog in 2015. The National Development Council served as a link between the Union government, state governments, and the Planning Commission for plan formulation and approval.

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