UPSC NDA-2

1. Which one of the following statements regarding magnetic field is NOT

Which one of the following statements regarding magnetic field is NOT correct ?

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Magnetic field is a quantity that has direction and magnitude
Magnetic field lines are closed curves
Magnetic field lines are open curves
No two magnetic field lines are found to cross each other
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The statement which is NOT correct is (C) Magnetic field lines are open curves. Magnetic field lines form continuous, closed loops. They originate from the North pole and end at the South pole outside the magnet, and continue from the South pole to the North pole inside the magnet.
Magnetic field lines are always closed curves. They provide a visual representation of the direction and strength of a magnetic field.
Statement (A) is correct: Magnetic field is a vector quantity. Statement (B) is correct: Magnetic field lines are closed curves. Statement (D) is correct: Magnetic field lines never cross each other because the magnetic field at any point has a unique direction.

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2. The cost of energy to operate an industrial refrigerator that consumes

The cost of energy to operate an industrial refrigerator that consumes 5 kW power working 10 hours per day for 30 days will be
(Given that the charge per kW.h of energy = ₹ 4)

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₹ 600
₹ 6,000
₹ 1,200
₹ 1,500
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The correct answer is (B) ₹ 6,000. First, calculate the total energy consumed. Power is 5 kW. The refrigerator works 10 hours per day for 30 days. Total hours = 10 hours/day * 30 days = 300 hours. Total energy consumed = Power * Time = 5 kW * 300 hours = 1500 kWh. The cost per kWh is ₹ 4. Total cost = 1500 kWh * ₹ 4/kWh = ₹ 6000.
Energy consumption is calculated as the product of power (in kilowatts) and time (in hours), resulting in kilowatt-hours (kWh). The cost is then found by multiplying the total energy consumed by the rate per kWh.
Electrical energy consumption is typically measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), also known as a ‘unit’ of electricity. This is the standard unit used by electricity meters and utility companies for billing purposes.

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3. Name the scientist who first used a glass prism to obtain the spectrum

Name the scientist who first used a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of sunlight

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C. V. Raman
Lord Rayleigh
Isaac Newton
S. Chandrasekhar
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The correct answer is (C) Isaac Newton. Sir Isaac Newton was the first scientist to use a glass prism to split sunlight into its constituent colors, demonstrating that white light is a spectrum of colors.
Newton’s experiments with prisms laid the foundation for the understanding of the dispersion of light and the nature of color.
C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist known for his work on the scattering of light (Raman effect). Lord Rayleigh was a British physicist who made significant contributions to physics, including work on scattering (Rayleigh scattering). S. Chandrasekhar was an Indian-American astrophysicist known for his theoretical work on the evolution of stars.

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4. Light enters the eye through a thin membrane called

Light enters the eye through a thin membrane called

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retina
cornea
pupil
iris
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The correct answer is (B) cornea. The cornea is the transparent outer layer at the front of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. It is the first surface that light encounters when entering the eye.
The cornea acts as the eye’s outermost lens, controlling and focusing the entry of light into the eye.
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

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5. A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be larger than its

A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be larger than its actual size. It is because of

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reflection of light
scattering of light
refraction of light
polarization of light
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The correct answer is (C) refraction of light. When light passes from one medium (water) to another (air), it bends. This bending of light is called refraction.
Refraction is the phenomenon of bending of light as it passes from one optical medium to another with different optical density.
The apparent magnification of the lemon under water is due to the refractive indices of water, glass, and air. The light rays from the part of the lemon submerged in water bend away from the normal when they exit the water into the air, making the lemon appear larger and closer than it is.

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6. The correct relation between the radius of curvature R and focal lengt

The correct relation between the radius of curvature R and focal length f of a spherical mirror is

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R = f
R = 2f
R = 3f
R = 4f
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The correct answer is B) R = 2f.
For a spherical mirror (concave or convex) with a small aperture, the focal length (f) is defined as half of its radius of curvature (R). This fundamental relationship is expressed as f = R/2 or R = 2f.
The radius of curvature (R) is the radius of the sphere from which the mirror is a part, and the focal length (f) is the distance from the mirror’s pole to its principal focus (the point where parallel rays converge after reflection for a concave mirror, or appear to diverge from for a convex mirror). This relationship holds true for paraxial rays, i.e., rays close to and parallel to the principal axis.

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7. In which of the following years were passenger trains introduced in En

In which of the following years were passenger trains introduced in England ?

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1823
1825
1848
1861
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The correct answer is B) 1825.
The Stockton and Darlington Railway, which opened in England in 1825, was the world’s first public railway to use steam locomotives. While primarily intended for freight, it also began carrying passengers, marking the effective introduction of passenger trains.
The success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway paved the way for further railway development, notably the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830 and was the first railway designed specifically for both passenger and freight transport using only steam power.

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8. Which one among the following American newsmagazines was highly scepti

Which one among the following American newsmagazines was highly sceptical of Gandhiji’s Dandi march initially but within a week completely changed its opinion and saluted him as a Saint and Statesman ?

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Saturday Evening Post
Readers Digest
Time
Life
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The correct answer is C) Time.
The American newsmagazine *Time* is noted for initially ridiculing Mahatma Gandhi and the Dandi March, describing him in unflattering terms (e.g., “the half-naked fakir”). However, within weeks, as the scale and impact of the movement became evident, *Time* magazine changed its stance and acknowledged Gandhi’s significant influence, calling him a “saint” and “statesman”.
This shift in perspective by a prominent Western publication highlighted the growing international recognition and moral authority of Gandhi and the Indian independence movement based on nonviolent principles.

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9. Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of Gandhiji’s Dandi march ?

Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of Gandhiji’s Dandi march ?

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Lord Irwin
Lord Linlithgow
Lord Reading
Lord Willingdon
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The correct answer is A) Lord Irwin.
The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March, was a major nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi that took place in 1930. Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931.
The Dandi March was a campaign against the British salt monopoly in India and a key event in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Lord Irwin was involved in discussions with Indian leaders, including Gandhi, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.

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10. Where did Gandhiji initially forge the techniques of Satyagraha ?

Where did Gandhiji initially forge the techniques of Satyagraha ?

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England
South Africa
North Africa
India
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The correct answer is B) South Africa.
Mahatma Gandhi spent over two decades in South Africa (1893-1914) and it was during this period that he developed and first employed the philosophy and techniques of Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) against racial discrimination and injustice faced by Indians.
His experiences in South Africa, particularly the resistance against discriminatory laws like the Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance (the ‘Black Act’), led him to formulate the principles of Satyagraha which he later effectively used in the Indian freedom struggle.

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