UPSC NDA-2

11. Rafael Nadal defeated whom among the following to win the French Open

Rafael Nadal defeated whom among the following to win the French Open Tennis Tournament, 2022?

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Austin Krajicek
Ivan Dodig
Casper Ruud
Joran Vliegen
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Rafael Nadal won the French Open Men’s Singles title in 2022 by defeating Casper Ruud in the final.
Rafael Nadal defeated Casper Ruud in the final of the French Open Tennis Tournament, 2022.
This victory marked Nadal’s 14th French Open title and 22nd Grand Slam title overall, extending his record for the most men’s singles Grand Slam titles. Austin Krajicek, Ivan Dodig, and Joran Vliegen are doubles players.

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12. The breakdown of glucose in cytoplasm results in the formation of

The breakdown of glucose in cytoplasm results in the formation of

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pyruvate and energy
pyruvate and carbon dioxide
pyruvate and oxygen
pyruvate and nitrogen
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The breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm through a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This process also produces a small amount of ATP, which is a form of energy for the cell.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding energy (ATP).
Carbon dioxide is released during the subsequent stages of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) if oxygen is present, which occur in the mitochondria. Oxygen is consumed during oxidative phosphorylation. Nitrogen is not directly involved in the breakdown of glucose for energy production.

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13. Lymph is a tissue fluid present in intercellular spaces. It resembles

Lymph is a tissue fluid present in intercellular spaces. It resembles to

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digestive juice
cytoplasmic fluid
urine
plasma
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Lymph is essentially tissue fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels. Tissue fluid is formed from blood plasma that filters out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces. Therefore, lymph has a composition similar to plasma, but it contains fewer proteins and no red blood cells (though it contains white blood cells).
Lymph is derived from interstitial fluid, which is derived from blood plasma. Hence, lymph resembles plasma in its general composition, minus most proteins and red blood cells.
Digestive juice contains enzymes for digestion. Cytoplasmic fluid is the material within a cell, outside the nucleus. Urine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys. Plasma is the liquid component of blood.

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14. Which one of the following statements about animal cells and plant cel

Which one of the following statements about animal cells and plant cells is correct?

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Animal cells have only cell membrane not cell wall, whereas plant cells have only cell wall not cell membrane.
Animal cells have only cell membrane not cell wall, but plant cells have both.
Both animal and plant cells have cell membrane and cell wall.
Only some cells of animals have cell wall and all plant cells have cell membrane.
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Animal cells are surrounded only by a cell membrane. Plant cells have both a cell membrane and a rigid cell wall located outside the cell membrane.
The presence of a cell wall is a defining characteristic of plant cells (and fungal, algal, and bacterial cells) that is absent in animal cells. Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane.
The cell membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell and is present in all known cell types. The plant cell wall provides structural support, protects the cell, and prevents excessive water uptake.

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15. The digestion of fat in human intestine is performed by

The digestion of fat in human intestine is performed by

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trypsin
bile and lipase
bile and amylase
bile and pepsin
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The digestion of fat in the human intestine is primarily performed by enzymes called lipases, which break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is released into the intestine to emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets. This emulsification increases the surface area available for lipase action, making the digestion more efficient.
Fat digestion requires both the emulsifying action of bile and the enzymatic action of lipase.
Trypsin and pepsin are enzymes that digest proteins. Amylase is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates (starch). Without bile, the digestion of fats by lipase would be very slow and incomplete due to the large size of fat globules. The major fat-digesting enzyme in the intestine is pancreatic lipase.

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16. Which one of the following hormones increases the heartbeat in

Which one of the following hormones increases the heartbeat in mammals?

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Insulin
Melatonin
Thyroxine
Adrenaline
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Adrenaline is the hormone that increases the heartbeat in mammals.
Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. It is released in response to stress and triggers the “fight or flight” response. One of its key effects is to increase heart rate and force of contraction, leading to increased blood pressure and cardiac output.
Insulin lowers blood glucose. Melatonin regulates sleep cycles. Thyroxine increases metabolic rate, which indirectly affects heart rate over time, but adrenaline causes a rapid increase in heart rate in response to acute stimuli.

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17. Human eye can see objects at different distances with contrasting illu

Human eye can see objects at different distances with contrasting illuminations. This is due to

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far-sightedness
near-sightedness
far-sightedness and near-sightedness
accommodation of eye
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Human eye can see objects at different distances with contrasting illuminations due to the accommodation of eye.
The ability of the eye to adjust its focal length to see objects clearly at different distances is called accommodation. This is achieved by changing the shape of the lens. While “contrasting illuminations” involves other mechanisms like pupil size adjustment (controlled by the iris) and adaptation of photoreceptor cells, “accommodation of eye” is the term that best describes the eye’s overall ability to adjust to different viewing conditions presented in the question, especially the “different distances” aspect, and is the only adaptive mechanism listed among the options.
Far-sightedness and near-sightedness are refractive errors, not adaptive mechanisms. Accommodation primarily refers to focusing for distance, but in a broader sense, the eye’s overall ability to adapt to changing viewing conditions (distance and light) is a form of accommodation or adaptation. Given the options, “accommodation of eye” is the most appropriate answer describing the dynamic adjustment process.

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18. Silver artefacts get tarnished in air due to the formation of

Silver artefacts get tarnished in air due to the formation of

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silver chloride
silver oxide
silver sulphide
silver sulphate
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Silver artefacts get tarnished in air due to the formation of silver sulphide.
Silver tarnishes when it reacts with sulfur compounds present in the air, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This reaction forms a black layer of silver sulfide (Ag2S) on the surface of the silver.
The reaction is 2Ag(s) + H2S(g) -> Ag2S(s) + H2(g). Tarnishing is accelerated in polluted air or environments with higher concentrations of sulfur gases.

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19. The transfer of electrical signals by nerve cells in human body is ena

The transfer of electrical signals by nerve cells in human body is enabled by

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sodium
potassium
iron
sodium and potassium
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The transfer of electrical signals by nerve cells in the human body is enabled by sodium and potassium ions.
Nerve impulses (action potentials) are electrical signals that travel along the axon of a neuron. These signals are generated by the movement of ions, primarily sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), across the cell membrane. Voltage-gated ion channels specific for Na+ and K+ open and close in sequence, causing rapid changes in the membrane potential.
The sodium-potassium pump actively transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell, maintaining the concentration gradients necessary for the generation of action potentials. While other ions like Calcium (Ca²⁺) are involved in synaptic transmission, sodium and potassium are central to the electrical signal propagation along the neuron itself.

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20. Which of the following compounds undergoes/undergo thermal

Which of the following compounds undergoes/undergo thermal decomposition?

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Zinc oxide
Silver oxide and zinc oxide
Silver oxide
Magnesium oxide
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Silver oxide undergoes thermal decomposition.
Thermal decomposition is the breakdown of a compound by heating. Silver oxide (Ag2O) is relatively unstable and decomposes upon heating into silver metal and oxygen gas (2Ag2O(s) -> 4Ag(s) + O2(g)). Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Magnesium oxide (MgO) are stable oxides that do not decompose easily upon heating under normal conditions.
The ease of thermal decomposition of metal oxides is related to the reactivity of the metal. Oxides of less reactive metals (like silver, mercury, gold) decompose more easily than oxides of more reactive metals (like magnesium, zinc, calcium).

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