UPSC NDA-2

11. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?

Which one of the following statements is not correct ?

Ultrasonic waves cannot get reflected, refracted or absorbed.
Ultrasonic waves are used to detect the presence of defects like cracks, porosity, etc. in the internal structure of common structure materials.
Ultrasonic waves can be used for making holes in very hard materials like diamond.
Ultrasonic waves cannot travel through vacuum.
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The correct answer is A.
Statement A is incorrect. Like all mechanical waves, ultrasonic waves exhibit properties such as reflection, refraction, absorption, and diffraction when they interact with different media or obstacles.
Statement B is correct; ultrasonic testing (UT) is widely used in non-destructive testing to detect internal flaws in materials. Statement C is correct; high-intensity ultrasonic vibrations are used in ultrasonic machining to drill holes in hard materials. Statement D is correct; ultrasonic waves are mechanical waves and require a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate, thus they cannot travel through a vacuum.

12. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?

Which one of the following statements is not correct ?

Human eye is a refracting system containing a diverging lens.
The retina of the human eye contains millions of light sensitive cells, called rods and cones, which convert the light into electrical messages.
Every image that is focused on the retina is upside down.
We need both eyes to judge the relative positions of objects accurately.
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The correct answer is A.
Statement A is incorrect because the human eye contains a converging lens (convex lens), not a diverging lens, which focuses light onto the retina.
Statement B is correct as the retina has photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into electrical signals. Statement C is correct; the image formed on the retina is real and inverted. Statement D is correct; binocular vision allows for depth perception and accurate judgment of relative positions.

13. Which one of the following waves does not belong to the category of th

Which one of the following waves does not belong to the category of the other three ?

X-rays
Microwaves
Radio waves
Sound waves
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The correct answer is Sound waves.
X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves are all forms of electromagnetic waves. They are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, and do not require a medium for propagation. Sound waves, on the other hand, are mechanical waves. They are vibrations that travel through a medium (like air, water, or solids) and require a medium to propagate.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves caused by oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. Mechanical waves like sound waves can be longitudinal or transverse and are caused by the vibration of particles in a medium. This fundamental difference in nature and propagation makes sound waves distinct from the other three types of waves listed.

14. The statement that ‘heat cannot flow by itself from a body at a lower

The statement that ‘heat cannot flow by itself from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature’, is known as

Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Third law of thermodynamics
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The correct answer is Second law of thermodynamics.
The statement that ‘heat cannot flow by itself from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature’ is one of the standard formulations (specifically, the Clausius statement) of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It describes the natural direction of heat flow.
The Zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and establishes temperature as a property. The First law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy, relating heat, work, and internal energy. The Third law of thermodynamics deals with the entropy of a system at absolute zero temperature.

15. Bats detect obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected

Bats detect obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected

Infrasonic waves
Ultrasonic waves
Radio waves
Microwaves
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The correct answer is Ultrasonic waves.
Bats use a process called echolocation to navigate and find prey in the dark. They emit high-frequency sound waves, which are beyond the range of human hearing (ultrasonic waves). These waves reflect off objects in their path, and the bat detects the returning echoes, interpreting them to build a ‘sound map’ of their surroundings, thus detecting obstacles and prey.
Infrasonic waves are sound waves with frequencies below the human hearing range. Radio waves and microwaves are types of electromagnetic radiation, not sound waves, and are not used by bats for echolocation.

16. A rainbow is produced due to which one of the following phenomena?

A rainbow is produced due to which one of the following phenomena?

Dispersion of light
Interference of light
Diffraction of light
Scattering of light by atmospheric dust
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The correct answer is Dispersion of light.
A rainbow is formed when sunlight passes through raindrops, which act like tiny prisms. White light is dispersed (split) into its constituent colours (spectrum) as it is refracted upon entering and leaving the raindrop, and also undergoing internal reflection. The dispersion of light is the phenomenon responsible for separating the colours.
Refraction and internal reflection are also essential processes in rainbow formation, allowing the dispersed light to reach the observer’s eyes at specific angles for each colour. However, the appearance of the band of colours itself is due to dispersion, the phenomenon by which the angle of refraction of light depends on its wavelength. Interference and diffraction relate to wave properties that are not the primary cause of the colour separation in a rainbow. Scattering by atmospheric dust contributes to phenomena like the blue colour of the sky or the reddish sunset, but not the spectrum seen in a rainbow formed by raindrops.

17. In April 2017, India celebrated 100 years of Mahatma Gandhi’s

In April 2017, India celebrated 100 years of Mahatma Gandhi’s

Satyagraha in Kheda
Dandi March
Satyagraha in Champaran
Return from South Africa
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The correct answer is Satyagraha in Champaran.
The Champaran Satyagraha began in April 1917. Therefore, in April 2017, India commemorated 100 years of this significant movement, which is considered Mahatma Gandhi’s first Satyagraha on Indian soil.
Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in January 1915. The Kheda Satyagraha took place in 1918. The Dandi March, which initiated the Salt Satyagraha, occurred in 1930. Only the Champaran Satyagraha aligns with the 100-year anniversary in 2017.

18. Which one of the following was not a Chishti Sufi saint ?

Which one of the following was not a Chishti Sufi saint ?

Khwaja Moinuddin
Baba Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar
Nizamuddin Auliya
Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
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The correct answer is Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Baba Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar, and Nizamuddin Auliya were all prominent saints of the Chishti order of Sufism in India. Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya, however, was the founder and leading saint of the Suhrawardi order in India.
The Chishti order was established in India by Khwaja Moinuddin in Ajmer. Baba Farid and Nizamuddin Auliya were key figures in its development and spread. The Suhrawardi order, established by Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya in Multan, was another major Sufi order in India, often differing from the Chishtis in their approach, particularly regarding association with the state.

19. Which one of the following travelogues has given an insight on the rei

Which one of the following travelogues has given an insight on the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq ?

Ibn Battuta's Rihla
Francois Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Empire
Niccolao Manucci's Storia do Mogor
Tavernier's Travels in India
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The correct answer is Ibn Battuta’s Rihla.
Ibn Battuta, a famous Moroccan traveler and scholar, visited India during the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD) and served him for several years. His detailed travelogue, ‘Rihla’ (meaning ‘journey’), provides invaluable insights into the political, social, and economic conditions of the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.
Francois Bernier, Niccolao Manucci, and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier were European travelers who visited India much later, during the Mughal period (primarily the 17th century), and their accounts describe the Mughal emperors like Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan, etc., not the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.

20. Consider the following movements : 1. Moplah Rebellion 2. Bardoli S

Consider the following movements :

  • 1. Moplah Rebellion
  • 2. Bardoli Satyagraha
  • 3. Champaran Satyagraha
  • 4. Salt Satyagraha

Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of the above in ascending order ?

1-3-4-2
3-1-2-4
2-3-1-4
4-2-1-3
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The correct chronological order is 3-1-2-4.
The chronological order of the movements is:
1. Champaran Satyagraha: 1917
2. Moplah Rebellion: 1921
3. Bardoli Satyagraha: 1928
4. Salt Satyagraha (Dandi March): 1930
The Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 was Gandhi’s first major Satyagraha in India. The Moplah Rebellion of 1921 was a peasant revolt in Kerala. The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928 was a peasant movement led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The Salt Satyagraha in 1930 was a major civil disobedience movement against the British salt tax, led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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