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2. Who among the following was the founder of the Avadh Kingdom in the 18

Who among the following was the founder of the Avadh Kingdom in the 18^th century ?

Murshid Quli Khan

Saadat Khan

Alivardi Khan

Sarfaraz Khan

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Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was the founder of the independent principality of Avadh in the 18th century.

He was appointed the Subahdar (governor) of Avadh in 1722 and gradually asserted his independence from the weakening Mughal Empire, though he maintained nominal allegiance.

Murshid Quli Khan was the founder of the autonomous state of Bengal. Alivardi Khan and Sarfaraz Khan were also significant rulers of Bengal in the 18th century.

3. Who among the following was believed to be a leader of the Sanyasis an

Who among the following was believed to be a leader of the Sanyasis and Fakirs conspiring against the British in 1857 ?

Mangal Pandey

Bahadur Shah II

Queen Zeenat Mahal

Nana Sahib

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The question asks who among the listed leaders of the 1857 revolt was believed to be a leader of the Sanyasis and Fakirs conspiring against the British. While the Sanyasi and Fakir Rebellions were earlier events, religious ascetics played a role in mobilising support during the 1857 revolt.

Historical accounts suggest that leaders of the 1857 revolt, in their efforts to rally support, did connect with various segments of society, including religious figures and groups. While none of the major 1857 leaders were directly leading the historical Sanyasi/Fakir movements of the 18th century, there is some historical interpretation that links Nana Sahib with attempts to mobilize support from religious networks, potentially including those associated with ascetic orders. Some accounts suggest he was perceived by some as a leader with religious legitimacy, capable of uniting various disaffected groups. Compared to the other options (Mangal Pandey, a sepoy; Bahadur Shah II, the elderly Mughal figurehead; Queen Zeenat Mahal, primarily involved in court), Nana Sahib was actively leading military and political resistance in Kanpur and seeking wider support, making him the most plausible candidate among the choices to be linked, in popular belief or rumour, with leading religious resistance groups like Sanyasis and Fakirs in the context of 1857.

The Sanyasi and Fakir Rebellions were significant uprisings against early British rule in Bengal in the late 18th century, famously depicted in Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s novel ‘Anandamath’. While the specific *movements* predated 1857, the networks of religious ascetics and mendicants continued to exist and were sometimes involved in anti-British activities or were seen with suspicion by the British. The 1857 revolt saw the participation of various religious leaders and figures who helped in spreading the message and mobilising people. Given the options, Nana Sahib’s efforts to unify various groups and his position as adopted son of the Peshwa made him a focal point for resistance, potentially attracting the support of, or being seen as a leader by, diverse elements including religious zealots and ascetics.

4. Who among the following can attend the meetings of both Houses of Parl

Who among the following can attend the meetings of both Houses of Parliament while not being a member of either House ?

The Solicitor General of India

The Vice-President of India

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India

The Attorney General of India

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Certain high-ranking officials have special rights regarding participation in parliamentary proceedings even if they are not Members of Parliament.

Article 88 of the Constitution of India grants the Attorney General of India the right to speak in, and otherwise take part in the proceedings of, either House of Parliament, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member. However, the Attorney General does not have the right to vote.

The Solicitor General is subordinate to the Attorney General and does not have this specific right under Article 88. The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and presides over its meetings, but they are not a member of either House; they participate in the Rajya Sabha’s proceedings in their capacity as Chairman. The Comptroller and Auditor General reports to the President and audits government accounts but does not attend parliamentary meetings in this capacity.

5. Which one of the following statements about the Ilbert Bill is correct

Which one of the following statements about the Ilbert Bill is correct ?

It proposed that the Indian magistrates would try Europeans in criminal cases.

It allowed Indians to file criminal cases against Europeans.

It authorized Indian ICS officers to try Europeans in courts.

It was an agitation led by Ilbert in support of the nationalists.

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The Ilbert Bill, introduced in 1883, aimed to address racial discrimination in the judiciary of British India.

The bill proposed to empower Indian judges and magistrates in the mofussil (district areas outside presidency towns) to try European British subjects in criminal cases. Before this bill, European offenders could only be tried by European judges, which was seen as a form of racial privilege and discrimination against Indian judges and the Indian population.

The Ilbert Bill faced intense opposition from the European community in India, leading to the “White Mutiny” or Ilbert Bill controversy. The government ultimately had to make significant amendments, introducing a compromise whereby Europeans could demand a jury, half of which must be European. The controversy exposed the deep racial biases within the colonial system and had a significant impact on the nationalist movement, highlighting the need for political organization and agitation. Option C is also factually correct that it authorized Indian ICS officers to try Europeans, as these magistrates were often ICS officers, but option A more directly states the core jurisdictional change: allowing Indian magistrates (who could be ICS officers) to try European criminal cases. Option A is a more direct description of the proposal’s effect.

6. The proposition ‘equal volumes of different gases contain equal number

The proposition ‘equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of molecules at the same temperature and pressure’ is known as

Avogadro's hypothesis

Gay-Lussac's hypothesis

Planck's hypothesis

Kirchhoff's theory

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The proposition that ‘equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of molecules at the same temperature and pressure’ is a fundamental principle in chemistry and physics of gases.

This statement is known as Avogadro’s hypothesis (or Avogadro’s Law). It was first proposed by Amedeo Avogadro in 1811. It directly relates the volume of a gas to the number of particles (molecules or atoms) it contains, under constant temperature and pressure conditions.

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes states that when gases react, the volumes of the reactants and products, measured at the same temperature and pressure, bear a simple whole-number ratio to one another. Planck’s hypothesis (specifically, Planck’s quantum hypothesis) states that energy can be emitted or absorbed only in discrete packets called quanta. Kirchhoff’s laws are important in electrical circuit analysis (Kirchhoff’s circuit laws) and thermal radiation (Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation).

7. The compound C 6 H 12 O 4 contains

The compound C₆H₁₂O₄ contains

22 atoms per mole

twice the mass percent of H as compared to the mass percent of C

six times the mass percent of C as compared to the mass percent of H

thrice the mass percent of H as compared to the mass percent of O

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We need to analyze the composition of the compound C₆H₁₂O₄ in terms of the relative masses or mass percentages of its constituent elements.

The compound is C₆H₁₂O₄. Using approximate atomic masses (C=12, H=1, O=16):
Mass of C in one molecule = 6 * 12 = 72
Mass of H in one molecule = 12 * 1 = 12
Mass of O in one molecule = 4 * 16 = 64
Total mass of one molecule (or molar mass) = 72 + 12 + 64 = 148.

Let’s evaluate the options:
A) 22 atoms per mole: One molecule contains 6 + 12 + 4 = 22 atoms. One mole contains Avogadro’s number of molecules, so one mole contains 22 * Avogadro’s number of atoms, not just 22 atoms. Incorrect.
B) twice the mass percent of H as compared to the mass percent of C: Mass of C is 72, Mass of H is 12. Is %H = 2 * %C? (12/148)*100% vs 2 * (72/148)*100%. This simplifies to 12 vs 2*72=144. Clearly incorrect. Is %C = 2 * %H? 72 vs 2*12=24. Incorrect.
C) six times the mass percent of C as compared to the mass percent of H: This is poorly phrased but implies a ratio. Let’s check if %C = 6 * %H. Mass of C is 72, Mass of H is 12. 72 = 6 * 12. Yes, the mass of Carbon in the compound is six times the mass of Hydrogen. Since the mass percentages are (mass of element / total mass) * 100%, if Mass of C = 6 * Mass of H, then %C = 6 * %H. This holds true.
D) thrice the mass percent of H as compared to the mass percent of O: Mass of H is 12, Mass of O is 64. Is %O = 3 * %H? 64 vs 3*12=36. Incorrect. Is %H = 3 * %O? 12 vs 3*64. Incorrect.

Option C is the only statement that accurately reflects the mass composition of the compound, interpreting “six times the mass percent of C as compared to the mass percent of H” as the mass percent of C being six times the mass percent of H.

Calculating mass percentages:
%C = (72/148) * 100% ≈ 48.65%
%H = (12/148) * 100% ≈ 8.11%
%O = (64/148) * 100% ≈ 43.24%
Check C: 6 * %H = 6 * 8.11% ≈ 48.66%, which is very close to %C (48.65%).

8. The species that has the same number of electrons as 35 17 Cl is

The species that has the same number of electrons as ³⁵₁₇Cl is

3216S

3416S+

4018Ar+

3516S2-

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The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to its atomic number (the subscript). For an ion, the number of electrons is adjusted based on the charge.

The species is ³⁵₁₇Cl. The atomic number is 17, so a neutral Chlorine atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons. We need to find the species with 17 electrons.
A) ³²₁₆S: Atomic number 16. Neutral Sulfur has 16 electrons.
B) ³⁴₁₆S⁺: Atomic number 16. Neutral Sulfur has 16 electrons. S⁺ means it lost 1 electron (16 – 1 = 15 electrons).
C) ⁴⁰₁₈Ar⁺: Atomic number 18. Neutral Argon has 18 electrons. Ar⁺ means it lost 1 electron (18 – 1 = 17 electrons).
D) ³⁵₁₆S^2-: Atomic number 16. Neutral Sulfur has 16 electrons. S²⁻ means it gained 2 electrons (16 + 2 = 18 electrons).
Therefore, ⁴⁰₁₈Ar⁺ has 17 electrons, the same number as neutral ³⁵₁₇Cl. These species are isoelectronic.

The superscript number (mass number) is the sum of protons and neutrons and is irrelevant to the number of electrons in this calculation, unless isotopes are being considered, which is not the case here for electron count. The subscript number is the atomic number, which is crucial as it determines the number of protons and thus the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

9. The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is

The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is

in etching glass

as a bleaching agent

as an extremely strong oxidizing agent

in the preparation of strong organic fluorine compounds

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The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is related to its unique property of reacting with silicon dioxide (silica).

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is highly corrosive and capable of dissolving many materials, particularly oxides and silicates. Its ability to react with SiO₂, the main component of glass, allows it to etch glass surfaces. This reaction is: SiO₂ + 4HF → SiF₄ + 2H₂O. This property is exploited extensively in industries for etching glass, cleaning silicon wafers in electronics, and polishing metals.

While HF is used in the production of organic fluorine compounds, as a catalyst, and in other chemical processes, etching glass and processing silicon are widely cited as principal or distinctive uses due to its unique reactivity with silicates. It is not primarily a bleaching agent or an extremely strong oxidizing agent.

10. Which compound, when dissolved in water, conducts electricity and form

Which compound, when dissolved in water, conducts electricity and forms a basic solution ?

HCl

CH₃COOH

CH₃OH

NaOH

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The compound that conducts electricity when dissolved in water indicates the formation of ions. A basic solution is formed by substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water or accept protons.

Let’s examine the options:
A) HCl (Hydrochloric acid): A strong acid. Dissolves in water to form H⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, conducting electricity. Forms an acidic solution (high concentration of H⁺).
B) CH₃COOH (Acetic acid): A weak acid. Partially dissociates in water to form H⁺ and CH₃COO⁻ ions, conducting electricity weakly. Forms an acidic solution.
C) CH₃OH (Methanol): An alcohol. Does not ionize in water. Does not conduct electricity. Forms a neutral solution.
D) NaOH (Sodium hydroxide): A strong base. Dissolves in water to form Na⁺ and OH⁻ ions, conducting electricity well. Forms a basic solution (high concentration of OH⁻).
Only NaOH satisfies both conditions: conducting electricity (due to ion formation) and forming a basic solution (due to OH⁻ production).

Acids produce H⁺ ions in water (making the solution acidic), bases produce OH⁻ ions (making it basic), and salts dissociate into cations and anions (neutral or affecting pH depending on the nature of the parent acid/base). Substances that don’t ionize, like alcohols, do not conduct electricity and are generally neutral.