UPSC NDA-2

11. The Central Vigilance Commission was established on the recommendation

The Central Vigilance Commission was established on the recommendation of which one of the following Committees?

Santhanam Committee
Dinesh Goswami Committee
Tarkunde Committee
Narasimham Committee
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The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee.
The Committee on Prevention of Corruption, chaired by K. Santhanam, was appointed in 1962 to examine issues related to corruption in government departments. The committee submitted its report in 1964, recommending the establishment of a Central Vigilance Commission to oversee vigilance administration and advise on anti-corruption measures.
The CVC was initially established by an executive resolution in 1964. It was later given statutory status through the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003. The Narasimham Committee is known for its recommendations on banking sector reforms, while the Dinesh Goswami and Tarkunde Committees focused on electoral reforms.

12. Where did the French East India Company first establish its factory in

Where did the French East India Company first establish its factory in India?

Calicut
Surat
Pondichery
Masulipatnam
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The French East India Company first established its factory in Surat.
The French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) was founded in 1664 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Their first trading post (factory) in India was established in Surat in 1668. Surat was a major port city on the west coast of India at that time, already utilized by other European trading companies like the English and Dutch.
Subsequent French factories were established in Masulipatnam (1669), Pondicherry (1673), Chandernagore (1692), and other places. Pondicherry later became the principal French settlement and headquarters in India.

13. Who among the following travellers was from Italy and visited Vijayana

Who among the following travellers was from Italy and visited Vijayanagar Kingdom in the fifteenth century?

Nikitin
Fa-Hien
Bernier
Nicolo Conti
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The traveller from Italy who visited the Vijayanagar Kingdom in the fifteenth century was D) Nicolo Conti.
Nicolo Conti was an Italian merchant and explorer who travelled extensively in Asia during the early 15th century. He visited the Vijayanagar Empire (likely during the reign of Devaraya I) around 1420-1421 CE and left valuable accounts of the city and the empire.
– Afanasy Nikitin was a Russian merchant who travelled to India in the late 15th century (1468-1474), primarily visiting the Bahmani Kingdom.
– Fa-Hien was a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India during the Gupta Empire (early 5th century CE).
– Francois Bernier was a French physician and traveler who visited India during the 17th century, serving in the court of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

14. When did the Stamp Act Congress consisting of delegates from 9 of the

When did the Stamp Act Congress consisting of delegates from 9 of the 13 colonies of America meet in New York City?

1763
1764
1765
1766
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The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in C) 1765.
The Stamp Act, which imposed a tax on various paper documents in the British colonies in America, was passed by the British Parliament in March 1765. In response to this act and the principle of “taxation without representation,” representatives from nine of the thirteen colonies met for the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765.
The Stamp Act Congress issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, protesting the Stamp Act and asserting that only colonial legislatures had the power to tax the colonies. This event was a significant step towards colonial unity and resistance against British policies, contributing to the growing tensions that would eventually lead to the American Revolution. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, but it was soon followed by other acts aimed at taxing the colonies.

15. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? Bhakti Sain

Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Bhakti Saint Philosophy
(a) Shankara : Advadhuta
(b) Ramananda : Kevaladvaita
(c) Ramanuja : Vishishtadvaita
(d) Chaitanya : Advaita
Shankara : Advadhuta
Ramananda : Kevaladvaita
Ramanuja : Vishishtadvaita
Chaitanya : Advaita
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The correctly matched pair is C) Ramanuja : Vishishtadvaita.
Bhakti saints were associated with various philosophical schools (Darshanas) within the broader Hindu tradition. Ramanuja is the foremost proponent of the Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism) philosophy.
– Shankara (Adi Shankaracharya) is the principal exponent of Advaita Vedanta (absolute non-dualism).
– Ramananda was a Vaishnava saint from Northern India, a follower in the Ramanuja tradition, who popularized the worship of Rama. He is not specifically associated with ‘Kevaladvaita’, which is linked to Advaita.
– Chaitanya Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism and propagated the philosophy of Achintya Bheda Abheda (inconceivable difference and non-difference), distinct from Advaita.

16. Consider the following statements about merchant guilds of South India

Consider the following statements about merchant guilds of South India :

  • 1. Ayyavole merchant guild was originally established in Aihole.
  • 2. Manigraman merchant guild was subordinated to the Anjuvannam merchant guild in the 13th century.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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Statement 1 only is correct.
Statement 1: The Ayyavole (also known as the Five Hundred of Ayyavole or Ainnurruvar) was a powerful merchant guild in medieval South India. Historical evidence strongly suggests its origins are linked to Aihole, a prominent centre in Karnataka, from which it gets its name. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
Statement 2: Manigraman and Anjuvannam were both significant merchant guilds operating in South India and Southeast Asia, particularly along the coasts. While they often coexisted and traded in the same regions, and sometimes even jointly, historical sources do not generally describe Manigraman as being subordinated to Anjuvannam in the 13th century. They were more often seen as parallel or distinct entities. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.
These merchant guilds played a crucial role in the economy of South India from the Pallava period onwards, flourishing under the Cholas and other dynasties. They facilitated long-distance trade, established trade settlements, and wielded considerable economic and sometimes political influence. Aihole was a significant cultural and economic center, fitting as a potential origin point for a major guild like Ayyavole.

17. Which one of the following crops was introduced by the Portuguese in

Which one of the following crops was introduced by the Portuguese in India?

Opium
Coffee
Betel leaf
Chili
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The crop introduced by the Portuguese in India was D) Chili.
The Portuguese were pioneers in maritime exploration and played a significant role in the Columbian Exchange, introducing various crops from the Americas to Asia, including India. Chili peppers, native to the Americas, were among the crops they brought to India.
Apart from chili, other crops introduced to India by the Portuguese (often indirectly via trade routes they established) include potato, tomato, maize (corn), cashew, tobacco, pineapple, papaya, guava, and groundnut. Opium, coffee, and betel leaf were cultivated in India much earlier than the arrival of the Portuguese or were introduced by other means/groups.

18. Which one among the following is not a Fundamental Right under the Con

Which one among the following is not a Fundamental Right under the Constitution of India?

Right to equality
Right to freedom
Right to citizenship
Right against exploitation
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The correct answer is C) Right to citizenship.
The Constitution of India guarantees Fundamental Rights in Part III (Articles 12-35). Citizenship is dealt with separately in Part II (Articles 5-11). While citizenship is essential for enjoying certain fundamental rights, the status of citizenship itself is not listed as a Fundamental Right under Part III.
The six broad categories of Fundamental Rights recognized under the Constitution of India are:
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
The Right to Property was originally a Fundamental Right but was removed from Part III by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, and made a legal right under Article 300A in Part XII.

19. A circular coil of radius R having N number of turns carries a steady

A circular coil of radius R having N number of turns carries a steady current I. The magnetic induction at the centre of the coil is 0·1 tesla. If the number of turns is doubled and the radius is halved, which one of the following will be the correct value for the magnetic induction at the centre of the coil?

0·05 tesla
0·2 tesla
0·4 tesla
0·8 tesla
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The correct value for the magnetic induction at the centre of the coil will be 0.4 tesla.
The magnetic field (B) at the centre of a circular coil is given by the formula $B = (\mu_0 N I) / (2R)$, where $\mu_0$ is the permeability of free space, N is the number of turns, I is the current, and R is the radius of the coil.
Initially, $B_1 = (\mu_0 N_1 I_1) / (2R_1) = 0.1$ T. Let $N_1=N$, $R_1=R$, $I_1=I$.
So, $0.1 = (\mu_0 N I) / (2R)$.
In the new scenario, the number of turns is doubled ($N_2 = 2N$) and the radius is halved ($R_2 = R/2$), while the current remains steady ($I_2 = I$).
The new magnetic field $B_2$ is given by:
$B_2 = (\mu_0 N_2 I_2) / (2R_2) = (\mu_0 (2N) I) / (2(R/2)) = (\mu_0 2N I) / R$.
We can express $B_2$ in terms of $B_1$:
$B_2 = (\mu_0 2N I) / R = 4 \times (\mu_0 N I) / (2R) = 4 \times B_1$.
Substituting the value of $B_1$:
$B_2 = 4 \times 0.1$ T = 0.4 T.

20. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror. Which one of the foll

An object is placed in front of a convex mirror. Which one of the following statements is correct?

It will never form an inverted image.
The image moves towards the focus when the object moves towards the mirror.
Depending on the position of the object with respect to the mirror, the image can be inverted and real.
The size of the image becomes larger than that of the object when the object is placed at a distance equal to half the focal length.
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The correct statement for an object placed in front of a convex mirror is A) It will never form an inverted image.
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image, regardless of the position of the object (as long as it’s in front of the mirror). Since the image is always erect, it can never be inverted.
– Statement B is incorrect: When the object moves towards a convex mirror, the virtual image also moves towards the mirror (from the focus towards the pole) and increases in size, but it remains virtual and erect.
– Statement C is incorrect: Convex mirrors only form virtual images, never real or inverted images.
– Statement D is incorrect: Convex mirrors always form diminished images (smaller than the object), regardless of the object’s position.
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