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21. Who among the following presented ‘The April Theses’ to the Russian pe

Who among the following presented ‘The April Theses’ to the Russian people in 1917 ?

Stalin

Trotsky

Bukharin

Lenin

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‘The April Theses’ were a set of directives issued by Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik party, upon his return to Russia from exile in Switzerland in April 1917. The theses called for the immediate transfer of state power from the Provisional Government to the Soviets (workers’ and soldiers’ councils), the abolition of the police, army, and bureaucracy, withdrawal from World War I, and the distribution of land to the peasants. They provided the ideological basis for the Bolshevik Revolution later that year.

‘The April Theses’ outlining the Bolshevik strategy for the Russian Revolution were presented by Vladimir Lenin in April 1917.

Other prominent Bolshevik leaders mentioned in the options (Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin) were also significant figures in the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet state, but the April Theses were specifically formulated and presented by Lenin.

22. Which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. In 1948, Burma

Which of the following statements is/are correct ?

1. In 1948, Burma was admitted to the United Nations and immediately supported the USA in the Cold War
2. In 1948, Burma joined the United Nations but refused to denounce China as the aggressor in the Korean War

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Let’s analyze the statements:
1. “In 1948, Burma was admitted to the United Nations and immediately supported the USA in the Cold War.” Burma gained independence in January 1948 and was admitted to the UN in April 1948. However, independent Burma adopted a policy of strict neutrality and non-alignment, particularly in the early years of the Cold War. It did not immediately support the USA. This statement is incorrect.
2. “In 1948, Burma joined the United Nations but refused to denounce China as the aggressor in the Korean War.” Burma did join the UN in 1948. However, the Korean War began in June 1950, more than two years after 1948. Burma did indeed refuse to condemn China as an aggressor in the Korean War, consistent with its neutral stance and its shared border with China, but this refusal happened in the context of the war in 1950, not in 1948. Therefore, the statement is chronologically incorrect as phrased.

Since both statements contain factual inaccuracies as written, neither is correct.

Burma (Myanmar) joined the UN in 1948 but pursued a policy of non-alignment in the Cold War. The Korean War started in 1950.

Burma’s neutral stance in the Cold War was a key aspect of its foreign policy after independence. Its refusal to join US-led alliances or condemn China in the Korean War was consistent with this position, aimed at maintaining friendly relations with all major powers and focusing on internal development and stability.

23. The Truman Doctrine of 1947 was announced to achieve which one of the

The Truman Doctrine of 1947 was announced to achieve which one of the following ?

Containment of the USSR

Increasing agricultural production in the USA

Offering friendship to Europe

Strengthening the UNO

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The Truman Doctrine, announced by US President Harry S. Truman in a speech to Congress on March 12, 1947, committed the United States to supporting countries that were resisting attempted subjugation by “armed minorities or by outside pressures.” This policy was initially aimed at providing aid to Greece and Turkey, which were facing threats from communist forces supported by the Soviet Union. It quickly became the cornerstone of US foreign policy during the Cold War, specifically the strategy of ‘containment’ of Soviet expansionism and the spread of communism.

The Truman Doctrine was a declaration of US support for countries threatened by communism, marking the beginning of the containment policy against the USSR.

The Truman Doctrine signaled a major shift in US foreign policy from isolationism to active intervention in global affairs to counter Soviet influence. It set a precedent for future US aid programs like the Marshall Plan and military alliances like NATO.

24. Which of the following statements about The New Model Unions is/are co

Which of the following statements about The New Model Unions is/are correct ?

1. The New Model Unions were formed in the 1850s
2. The New Model Unions were formed in the 1880s
3. The New Model Unions comprised a Labour Party idea
4. The New Model Unions excluded women in the 1920s

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

3 and 4

3 only

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The ‘New Model Unions’ emerged in Britain primarily in the late 1850s and early 1860s. These unions, representing skilled workers (often craft unions), were characterized by centralized control, high membership fees providing mutual benefits (like sickness and unemployment pay), and a focus on respectability and cautious negotiation rather than strikes or political radicalism. Statement 1, stating they were formed in the 1850s, is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect; while some unionists later played a role in the Labour Party, the New Model Unions themselves were largely apolitical or liberal rather than a Labour Party idea (the Labour Party formed much later). Statement 4 regarding excluding women in the 1920s is not a defining characteristic of the *original* New Model Unions of the mid-19th century, though many unions did exclude women. The most accurate statement describing their origin is Statement 1.

The New Model Unions, representing skilled trades, originated in Britain in the late 1850s/early 1860s.

Notable examples of New Model Unions included the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), formed in 1851 (slightly before the main trend, but seen as a precursor) and other similar unions for carpenters, builders, etc. Their structure and aims were different from earlier, more localized or politically radical unions.

25. The treaty of Schonbrunn (1809) was signed after which one of the foll

The treaty of Schonbrunn (1809) was signed after which one of the following battles ?

Battle of Austerlitz

Battle of Tilsit

Battle of Wagram

Battle of Lisbon

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The Treaty of Schonbrunn was signed on October 14, 1809, between Napoleon’s First French Empire and the Austrian Empire. This treaty concluded the War of the Fifth Coalition, which saw Austria attempting to challenge French dominance in Europe. The decisive battle of this war, leading to Austria’s defeat and the subsequent treaty, was the Battle of Wagram, fought near Vienna on July 5-6, 1809.

The Treaty of Schonbrunn (1809) followed Austria’s defeat by France at the Battle of Wagram.

The Battle of Austerlitz (1805) led to the Treaty of Pressburg. The Treaties of Tilsit (1807) followed the battles of Eylau and Friedland against Russia and Prussia. The Battle of Lisbon is not a major battle associated with these treaties; significant events in Portugal during this period include the Peninsular War.

26. The Karachi resolution of Congress in 1931 advocated which one of the

The Karachi resolution of Congress in 1931 advocated which one of the following issues ?

State shall not own or control key industries and services

State shall handover the key industries and services to the Indian business groups

State should allow the Indian business group to invest fifty per cent of the capital

State shall own or control key industries and services

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The Karachi Resolution, passed by the Indian National Congress in March 1931, was a landmark document outlining the fundamental rights and the national economic program envisioned for independent India. Among its provisions related to economic policy, it advocated for state ownership or control of key industries and services. This reflected a leaning towards a socialist pattern of society and state intervention in the economy, rather than a purely free-market approach or simply facilitating private business.

The Karachi Resolution of 1931 advocated for fundamental rights and state control over key industries and services in independent India.

Other important aspects of the Karachi Resolution included provisions for freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, religion, equality before the law, protection of culture and language of minorities, universal adult suffrage, and prohibition of forced labour. It was essentially a statement of the political and economic aims of the national movement.

27. Brahmaputra and Indus rivers are antecedent rivers. Which one of the f

Brahmaputra and Indus rivers are antecedent rivers. Which one of the following may be the true definition of an antecedent drainage?

Which follows the initial slope of the Himalaya

Which existed before the Himalayan range came into existence

Which followed the dip or rock beds of the Himalaya

Which followed the strikes of rock beds of the Himalaya

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An antecedent drainage system is one where a river channel existed before the uplift of the landmass it now crosses. As the land is slowly uplifted (e.g., due to tectonic activity), the river maintains its course by eroding down through the rising ground, often cutting deep gorges. The Indus, Sutlej, and Brahmaputra rivers in the Himalayas are classic examples; they flowed in their channels before the Himalayas were fully uplifted and have cut through the mountain ranges as they rose. Option B accurately describes this process, stating the river existed before the mountain range came into existence.

Antecedent rivers predate the formation of the landforms they cut through and maintain their original course by eroding downwards.

Consequent drainage follows the initial slope of the land. Subsequent drainage follows the weaker rock strata, often aligned along the strike or dip of the rocks. Superimposed (or superposed) drainage is another type where a drainage system established on a younger rock layer cuts down through older underlying strata unrelated to the structure of the older rocks.

28. Which one of the following can be said to be essentially related to ‘P

Which one of the following can be said to be essentially related to ‘Polar Front Theory’ ?

Anticyclone

Tropical Cyclone

Temperate Cyclone

Inter Tropical Convergence

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The ‘Polar Front Theory’, also known as the Norwegian Cyclone Model, was developed by Norwegian meteorologists around World War I. It describes the formation and life cycle of temperate cyclones (also called mid-latitude cyclones or extratropical cyclones). The theory posits that these cyclones form along the polar front, the boundary between cold polar air and warm subtropical air masses, through a process of wave development and cyclogenesis.

The Polar Front Theory provides a model explaining the formation and evolution of temperate cyclones.

Anticyclones are high-pressure systems associated with clear weather. Tropical cyclones form over warm tropical oceans. The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a belt of low pressure near the equator where trade winds converge, associated with tropical weather systems, not temperate cyclones.

29. Which one of the following Union Territories of India is the smallest

Which one of the following Union Territories of India is the smallest in terms of geographical area ?

Daman and Diu

Chandigarh

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Lakshadweep

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Among the given options, Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory of India in terms of geographical area. Its total area is approximately 32 square kilometers. Comparing it with the other options: Daman and Diu was approximately 112 sq km (before merger), Chandigarh is approximately 114 sq km, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli was approximately 491 sq km (before merger). Even after the merger of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep remains significantly smaller than the new combined entity (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu has an area of around 603 sq km).

Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory of India by area.

The current Union Territories of India, in increasing order of area, are Lakshadweep (32 sq km), Chandigarh (114 sq km), Puducherry (479 sq km), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (603 sq km), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (8,249 sq km), Delhi (1,484 sq km – NCT), Ladakh (59,146 sq km), and Jammu and Kashmir (42,241 sq km – effective control area). This confirms Lakshadweep is the smallest.

30. Kamarajar Port was commissioned in 2001 to handle thermal coal require

Kamarajar Port was commissioned in 2001 to handle thermal coal requirements. It is situated along the coast of which Indian State ?

Andhra Pradesh

Odisha

Tamil Nadu

Karnataka

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Kamarajar Port, formerly known as Ennore Port, is a major port located on the Coromandel Coast of India, north of Chennai. Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. The port was commissioned in 2001, primarily to handle thermal coal requirements for the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, as well as other cargo like iron ore, automobiles, and containers.

Kamarajar Port is located in Tamil Nadu. It was India’s 12th major port and is the first port in India to be corporatized.

Kamarajar Port Limited was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956. It is a significant hub for coal imports for power plants in Tamil Nadu and a growing port for automobile exports.