UPSC Geoscientist

41. Which one of the following pairs of term and meaning is correctly

Which one of the following pairs of term and meaning is correctly matched?

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Gahapati : Slaves
Adimai : Master of a household
Vellalar : Land-less labour
Uzhavar : Ploughmen
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The term ‘Uzhavar’ in ancient Indian context, particularly in South India, referred to ploughmen or cultivators. This meaning correctly matches the description in option D.
Understanding social and economic terms used in ancient Indian texts is important for historical context.
Gahapati was a term for the head of a household, often a wealthy householder or landowner in North India during the ancient period. Adimai refers to slaves, particularly in the Tamil context. Vellalar were a class of wealthy landowners in South India, not landless labour.

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42. The first coins to bear the names and images of rulers were issued by

The first coins to bear the names and images of rulers were issued by the:

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Guptas
Mauryas
Indo-Greeks
Satavahanas
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The practice of issuing coins bearing the names and images (portraits) of rulers was first introduced in India by the Indo-Greeks.
The Indo-Greek rulers, who controlled parts of northwestern India from the late 3rd/early 2nd century BCE, followed the Hellenistic tradition of placing the portrait of the king and his name on their coins. This was a significant departure from the earlier punch-marked coins or uninscribed cast coins prevalent in India.
The Mauryas primarily issued punch-marked coins without ruler portraits. While the Satavahanas and Guptas later issued coins with portraits and names, they did so after the tradition was established by the Indo-Greeks. The Indo-Greek coinage is known for its high artistic quality and accurate portraits.

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43. Which one of the following inscriptions records the history of a guild

Which one of the following inscriptions records the history of a guild of silk weavers?

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Allahabad Pillar Inscription
Junagadh Inscription of Rudradaman
Mandasor Inscription
Dhauli Rock Inscription
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The Mandasor Inscription, dated to 436 CE and 473 CE, records the history of a guild of silk weavers who migrated from Lata (Gujarat) to Dashapura (Mandasor in Madhya Pradesh).
The inscription, written by the poet Vatsabhatti, describes the prosperity of the guild, their migration, and their collective effort in building and later restoring a magnificent temple dedicated to the Sun God at Dashapura. It provides insights into urban life, guilds, and religious activities during the Gupta period.
The Allahabad Pillar Inscription details the military achievements of Samudragupta. The Junagadh Inscription of Rudradaman I records his repair of the Sudarshana Lake and other achievements. The Dhauli Rock Inscription contains Ashokan edicts, including the Kalinga Edicts, addressing the administration and welfare of the people in the newly conquered region.

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44. Which one of the following pairs of author and literary work is correc

Which one of the following pairs of author and literary work is correctly matched?

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Banabhatta : Ramacharita
Kalhana : Rajatarangini
Chand Bardai : Prithvirajavijaya
Padmagupta : Harshacharita
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The pair Kalhana : Rajatarangini is correctly matched. Kalhana was a Kashmiri historian who wrote Rajatarangini (River of Kings), a chronicle of the kings of Kashmir, in the 12th century.
Rajatarangini is considered one of the earliest examples of historical writing in India that attempted a systematic chronological account, although it includes mythological elements alongside historical events.
Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita and Kadambari. Sandhyakar Nandi wrote Ramacharitam (about Pala king Ramapala). Chand Bardai wrote Prithviraj Raso, while Jayanka wrote Prithvirajavijaya. Padmagupta (Parimala) wrote Navasahasankacharita. Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita. Therefore, option B is the only correct match.

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45. Who among the following foreign travellers was appointed Qazi of Delhi

Who among the following foreign travellers was appointed Qazi of Delhi by Muhammad Tughlaq?

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Al-Masudi
Abu Zaid
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Haukal
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Ibn Battuta, the famous Berber-Moroccan traveller, visited India during the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate. Impressed by his learning, Muhammad Tughlaq appointed him as the Qazi (chief judge) of Delhi.
Ibn Battuta served as Qazi of Delhi for several years before being sent on a diplomatic mission to China. His travelogue, ‘Rihla’ (The Journey), provides invaluable information about political, social, and economic conditions in 14th-century India under Muhammad Tughlaq.
Al-Masudi, Abu Zaid, and Ibn Haukal were earlier Arab travellers and geographers who visited or wrote about India, primarily in the 9th and 10th centuries, long before the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq.

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46. Pulakeshin II belonged to which dynasty of rulers?

Pulakeshin II belonged to which dynasty of rulers?

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Eastern Chalukyas
Pallavas
Eastern Gangas
Western Chalukyas
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Pulakeshin II was the most renowned ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami. This dynasty is also commonly referred to as the Western Chalukyas.
Pulakeshin II ruled from 610 to 642 CE. He is famous for his military campaigns, including his victory over Emperor Harsha of Kannauj, as recorded in the Aihole inscription composed by his court poet Ravikirti.
The Chalukyas of Badami ruled over a large part of the Deccan. They had branches, including the Eastern Chalukyas who ruled in the Andhra region. The Pallavas were their contemporaries and rivals in South India, notably clashing frequently with Pulakeshin II and his successors. The Eastern Gangas ruled in Kalinga (modern Odisha).

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47. Tuhfatul Hind, written by Mirza Muhammad ibn Fakruddin Muhammad, is a

Tuhfatul Hind, written by Mirza Muhammad ibn Fakruddin Muhammad, is a text on:

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Political theory
Architectural theory
Musical theory
Military techniques
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Tuhfatul Hind (Gift of India) written by Mirza Muhammad ibn Fakruddin Muhammad (also known as Mirza Khan) is a notable text on Indian music and poetics, composed in Persian during the Mughal period, around the late 17th century.
The work covers various aspects of Indian music, including Ragas, Talas, musical instruments, and singing styles. It also includes sections on Indian poetics, metrics, and other aspects of Indian culture and literature, aiming to introduce these subjects to Persian-speaking readers.
Mirza Khan was associated with the court of Aurangzeb. Tuhfatul Hind is considered an important historical source for understanding the state of Hindustani music and cultural exchange during that era. It demonstrates the synthesis of Persian and Indian cultural traditions.

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48. The Lahore session of Congress, held in 1929, was famous for:

The Lahore session of Congress, held in 1929, was famous for:

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boycott of Simon Commission.
demanding commutation of Bhagat Singh’s death sentence.
adoption of <i>Poorna Swaraj</i> as objective of Congress.
starting ‘no rent-no tax’ campaign by Congress.
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The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress held in December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, is most famous for adopting ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (complete independence) as the objective of the Congress.
At this session, the resolution for Purna Swaraj was passed, and it was also decided that January 26, 1930, would be celebrated as ‘Purna Swaraj Day’ throughout India. The session also authorised the Congress Working Committee to launch a program of civil disobedience.
The boycott of the Simon Commission was decided in earlier sessions (like Madras in 1927). Demands for commutation of Bhagat Singh’s sentence intensified later, particularly in 1931. ‘No rent-no tax’ campaigns were part of the Civil Disobedience movement that followed the Lahore session’s resolutions but were not the sole defining feature of the session itself.

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49. Which one of the following was NOT the fallout of Gandhiji’s Salt Sa

Which one of the following was NOT the fallout of Gandhiji’s Salt Satyagraha?

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Refusal to pay the rural <i>chaukidari</i> tax in eastern India
Defiance of forest laws in Maharashtra
Picketing of shops selling foreign liquors by women
Declaration that no Indians should serve in the British-Indian Government
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The declaration that no Indians should serve in the British-Indian Government was not a direct or prominent outcome of Gandhiji’s Salt Satyagraha or the subsequent Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34). While the movement encouraged non-cooperation and resignation from government posts as part of the broader protest, a sweeping declaration demanding *all* Indians to cease service was not the primary focus or a achieved fallout of this specific movement.
The Salt Satyagraha and the Civil Disobedience Movement involved widespread defiance of specific unjust laws, including the salt law, forest laws, and refusal to pay certain taxes like the chaukidari tax. Picketing of foreign goods and liquor shops by women was also a significant feature.
The call for resignation from government jobs was more strongly associated with the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22). The Civil Disobedience Movement focused on breaking laws to challenge the legitimacy of British rule and extract political concessions, primarily Purna Swaraj. While many government employees did resign, it wasn’t mandated or declared as a universal requirement for all Indians as a direct fallout of the Salt Satyagraha.

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50. Which among the following was made responsible for framing of the Cons

Which among the following was made responsible for framing of the Constitution of Free India?

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Parliament of India
Constituent Assembly
Supreme Court of India
British Parliament
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The Constitution of Free India was framed by the Constituent Assembly of India. This body was constituted in 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan and its primary task was to draft a constitution for independent India.
The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on December 9, 1946, and finally adopted the Constitution on November 26, 1949. The Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950, celebrated as Republic Day.
The Parliament of India is the legislative body functioning under the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the apex judicial body. The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act, 1947, which granted India independence but the framing of the Constitution was the responsibility of the Constituent Assembly formed by elected Indian representatives.

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