UPSC Geoscientist

1. Dispersal of species by the agent of wind is termed as

Dispersal of species by the agent of wind is termed as

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thalassochore
hydrochore
anemochore
anemohydrochore
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Anemochory is the term used to describe the dispersal of plant seeds, spores, or fruits by wind. This method relies on wind currents to carry the propagules away from the parent plant.
– Anemochore refers specifically to dispersal by wind.
– Thalassochore refers to dispersal by seawater.
– Hydrochore refers to dispersal by water (generally, including fresh and salt water).
– Anemohydrochore refers to dispersal by both wind and water.
Wind dispersal is common among species that produce small, light propagules, or those with adaptations like wings or tufts of hair (e.g., dandelions, maple seeds) that aid in catching the wind. The effectiveness of anemochory depends on wind speed, propagule structure, and height of release.

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2. The terms ‘oligotrophic’, ‘mesotrophic’ and ‘eutrophic’ are associated

The terms ‘oligotrophic’, ‘mesotrophic’ and ‘eutrophic’ are associated with the evolution of

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scrubland
bogs
forest
lakes
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The terms ‘oligotrophic’, ‘mesotrophic’, and ‘eutrophic’ are associated with the evolution of lakes.
These terms are used in limnology (the study of inland waters) to classify lakes based on their nutrient levels and primary productivity. Oligotrophic lakes are nutrient-poor with high water clarity; mesotrophic lakes have moderate nutrient levels; and eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich, often leading to high biological productivity, potentially including algal blooms.
The process of a lake moving from an oligotrophic state towards a eutrophic state is called eutrophication, which can occur naturally over long periods but is often accelerated by human activities (cultural eutrophication) that increase nutrient input (e.g., from agricultural runoff, sewage).

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3. As compared to natural greenhouse effect, the enhanced greenhouse effe

As compared to natural greenhouse effect, the enhanced greenhouse effect refers to increase in average surface temperature of the Earth due to

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volcanic activity
warm ocean currents
sunspot activity
anthropogenic activities
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As compared to natural greenhouse effect, the enhanced greenhouse effect refers to increase in average surface temperature of the Earth due to anthropogenic activities.
The natural greenhouse effect is a process where certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat, warming the Earth’s surface to a habitable temperature. The enhanced, or anthropogenic, greenhouse effect refers to the additional warming of the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations caused by human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.
Volcanic activity, warm ocean currents, and sunspot activity are natural factors that can influence climate, but the significant and rapid increase in global average temperatures observed since the Industrial Revolution is overwhelmingly attributed to human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases.

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4. Which one of the following was a nationalist newspaper published from

Which one of the following was a nationalist newspaper published from Bombay?

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Som Prakash
Rast Goftar
Advocate
Akhbar-e-Am
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Rast Goftar was a nationalist newspaper published from Bombay.
Rast Goftar (meaning ‘Truth Teller’) was an Anglo-Gujarati newspaper founded in 1851 by Dadabhai Naoroji and Kharshedji Cama in Bombay. While it initially served the Parsi community and advocated for social reforms, it also became a significant voice for moderate nationalist views and political awareness, published from Bombay.
Som Prakash was published in Bengali from Calcutta. Advocate was associated with Gokhale and published from Allahabad. Akhbar-e-Am was an Urdu newspaper from Lahore.

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5. Which one of the following caused the ruin of the rural artisan indust

Which one of the following caused the ruin of the rural artisan industries in India in the 19th Century?

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Flooding of Indian markets with machine-produced goods on a mass scale
Promotion of urban craftsmen
Promotion of expensive silk and woollen goods
Import of raw materials from Britain at high prices
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The flooding of Indian markets with machine-produced goods on a mass scale caused the ruin of the rural artisan industries in India in the 19th Century.
Under British rule, India’s economy was integrated into the global capitalist system primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a market for British manufactured goods. Cheap, mass-produced textiles and other goods from industrialized Britain flooded the Indian market, making the products of traditional Indian handloom and handicraft industries uncompetitive, leading to their decline and the impoverishment of rural artisans. This process is often termed ‘deindustrialization’.
Other factors like discriminatory tariff policies (free trade for British goods entering India, tariffs on Indian textiles entering Britain) also contributed to the decline, but the fundamental cause was the inability of handmade goods to compete with factory production.

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6. Who were Paharias?

Who were Paharias?

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The cultivators of Deccan
The forest dwellers of Rajmahal Hills
The landless labours working under Zamindars
The stonecutters employed with the East India Company
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Paharias were the forest dwellers of Rajmahal Hills.
The Paharias are a tribal community historically inhabiting the Rajmahal Hills region in present-day Jharkhand. They practiced shifting cultivation and lived in close connection with the forest, often resisting attempts by outsiders, including the British, to encroach upon their territory and lifestyle.
Colonial records, such as those compiled by Francis Buchanan, provide insights into the lives and relationship between the British, the Paharias, and another agricultural community in the region, the Santhals.

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7. Which one of the following statements about the Tufan Dals of 1943 is

Which one of the following statements about the Tufan Dals of 1943 is not correct?

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They blew up railway bridges.
They ran people's court.
They organized constructive work.
They were part of the Prati Sarkar.
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The statement that Tufan Dals organized constructive work is not correct.
The Tufan Dals (storm brigades) were the armed or executive wing of the Prati Sarkar (parallel government) established in Satara district during the Quit India Movement in 1943. Their primary activities included sabotage against British infrastructure (like blowing up railway bridges), collecting taxes, and enforcing the parallel government’s authority, which involved running people’s courts (Nyayadan Mandals) to deliver justice. Constructive work (like literacy campaigns, grain distribution) was organized by the broader Prati Sarkar structure, but the Tufan Dals’ specific role was more focused on direct action and enforcement.
The Satara Prati Sarkar, led by figures like Nana Patil, was one of the most prominent and long-lasting parallel governments of the Quit India Movement. It established a functioning administration that challenged British authority in the region.

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8. Who among the following established the Public Works Department (PWD)

Who among the following established the Public Works Department (PWD) in India?

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Lord Dalhousie
Lord Bentinck
Lord Cornwallis
Warren Hastings
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Lord Dalhousie established the Public Works Department (PWD) in India.
Lord Dalhousie, who served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, significantly reorganized the administration. He is credited with creating a separate Public Works Department (PWD) to manage and develop infrastructure like roads, railways, irrigation canals, and buildings, which was previously handled inefficiently by military boards.
Dalhousie’s tenure is known for his aggressive annexation policy (Doctrine of Lapse) and significant modernization efforts, including the introduction of railways, telegraph, and postal reforms, alongside the establishment of the PWD.

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9. Which one of the following was one of the major currencies in circulat

Which one of the following was one of the major currencies in circulation in India when the East India Company first considered the introduction of a uniform currency?

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Awadh Silver Rupee
Arcot Silver Rupee
The Madras Silver Rupee
Sindh Rupee
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Arcot Silver Rupee was one of the major currencies in circulation in India when the East India Company first considered the introduction of a uniform currency.
Before the standardization efforts by the East India Company, India had multiple regional currencies. The Arcot Rupee, issued by the Nawab of Arcot, was widely circulated in South India and formed the basis for the initial coinage introduced by the Madras Presidency before the eventual adoption of a uniform rupee standard across British India.
The East India Company aimed to establish a uniform currency system based on the silver rupee, which was finally achieved with the Coinage Act of 1835, leading to the introduction of the Company Rupee based on the standard weight and purity of the Farakhabad Rupee (a variant of the Mughal rupee) and incorporating features from other prevalent coins like the Arcot Rupee.

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10. The practice of Sati was outlawed in 1829 by which one of the followin

The practice of Sati was outlawed in 1829 by which one of the following promulgated Regulations?

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Regulation XVI
Regulation XVII
Regulation XVIII
Regulation XIX
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The practice of Sati was outlawed in 1829 by Regulation XVII.
Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of Bengal, took steps to abolish the practice of Sati (widow burning) in British India. He enacted Regulation XVII in December 1829, which declared Sati illegal and punishable by criminal courts.
This social reform was influenced by the efforts of Indian reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy. The regulation was initially applicable to the Bengal Presidency and was later extended to the Madras and Bombay Presidencies in 1830.

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