UPSC Geoscientist

31. Which one among the following countries has the highest consumption of

Which one among the following countries has the highest consumption of food in terms of kcal per day per person?

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USA
Australia
Netherland
Saudi Arabia
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The correct answer is USA. Among the given options, the United States of America consistently ranks among the countries with the highest average daily caloric intake per person globally.
– High per capita food consumption is often correlated with developed economies and dietary habits that include high consumption of processed foods, meat, and sugars.
– According to data from organizations like the FAO, average daily caloric supply per person in the USA is typically over 3600 kcal, which is higher than Australia, Netherlands, and significantly higher than Saudi Arabia.
While many factors influence food consumption, including economic development, dietary patterns, availability, and cost of food, the USA’s high average intake is a well-documented phenomenon. Other countries like Ireland, Belgium, and Turkey also report very high per capita caloric intake.

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32. Global climates are classified on the basis of:

Global climates are classified on the basis of:

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annual averages in temperature and precipitation only.
annual averages in temperature only.
seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation only.
annual averages and seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation.
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Global climate classification systems, such as the widely used Köppen system, are based on analyzing patterns of temperature and precipitation. They consider not just the annual average values but also the seasonal distribution and variations of temperature and precipitation (e.g., presence or absence of a dry season, hot summer or cold winter, etc.). These seasonal patterns are crucial for defining distinct climate types and their associated vegetation.
Temperature and precipitation are the two most fundamental elements used to define climate. Their average values and seasonal cycles determine the types of ecosystems that can thrive in a region.
Other factors like humidity, wind, and sunshine are also components of climate, but temperature and precipitation are considered the primary variables for defining major climate zones and classification systems.

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33. Which one among the following Union Territories is largest in terms of

Which one among the following Union Territories is largest in terms of area?

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Chandigarh
Lakshadweep
Daman and Diu
Puducherry
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Among the Union Territories listed as distinct entities (before the merger of Daman and Diu with Dadra and Nagar Haveli), Puducherry has the largest area. Puducherry’s total area is approximately 479 sq km, comprising its four geographically separate districts (Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe, and Yanam). Chandigarh has an area of about 114 sq km, Lakshadweep is about 32 sq km, and the erstwhile Daman and Diu had an area of about 112 sq km.
Union Territories in India vary significantly in size and population. Knowing their relative areas helps in answering geographical comparison questions.
As of 2023, the largest Union Territory by area is Ladakh, followed by Jammu and Kashmir, and then the merged Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. However, among the options provided in the question, Puducherry was the largest as a standalone UT.

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34. The National Commission on Agriculture (1976) has classified social fo

The National Commission on Agriculture (1976) has classified social forestry into how many categories?

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Three
Four
Five
Six
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The National Commission on Agriculture in its 1976 report coined the term ‘Social Forestry’ and classified it into three main categories: 1. Farm Forestry (planting trees on private agricultural land), 2. Rural Forestry (planting trees on common village land, often including community forestry), and 3. Urban Forestry (managing trees in urban areas like parks, roadsides, and industrial belts).
Social forestry aims to increase forest cover and manage forest resources to benefit rural and urban communities, often outside traditional forest areas, involving people’s participation.
Community Forestry is often considered a component of Rural Forestry, focusing on collective management of forest resources by the local community on common land. While some later classifications or schemes might elaborate or add categories, the original classification by the 1976 commission was primarily into these three types.

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35. Which one of the following countries is the top producer of cereals in

Which one of the following countries is the top producer of cereals in the world?

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USA
Russia
India
China
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China is the world’s largest producer of cereals overall. It is the leading producer of rice and wheat, two of the most widely consumed cereals globally. While countries like the USA (maize) and India (rice, wheat) are also major cereal producers, China’s combined production volume across various cereals ranks it as the top producer.
Cereals are staple food crops and include wheat, rice, maize (corn), barley, sorghum, oats, etc. Global agricultural production statistics are compiled by organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
The ranking of countries in cereal production can vary slightly year to year based on harvest outcomes, but China consistently remains at the top or among the top producers. The USA is the largest producer of maize, and India is a major producer of rice and wheat.

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36. Which one of the following states has a different female marriage migr

Which one of the following states has a different female marriage migration practice in India?

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West Bengal
Nagaland
Goa
Meghalaya
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Meghalaya is home to several indigenous communities like the Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia, which traditionally follow a matrilineal social system. In these societies, lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother, and property is typically owned by women. While patrilocal residence (bride moving to groom’s home) is the norm in most of India, matrilocal residence (groom moving to bride’s home) is sometimes practiced among these communities, presenting a significant difference in female marriage migration patterns compared to the rest of the country.
Marriage migration in India is overwhelmingly patrilocal, where women relocate to their husband’s village or town. Matrilineal societies represent a significant departure from this norm in terms of social structure and residence patterns after marriage.
While some communities in other parts of India might have local variations, the matrilineal system in Meghalaya profoundly impacts marriage, inheritance, and residence patterns, making it distinctly different from the predominant practices elsewhere in the country.

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37. According to Census of India, ‘Main Worker’ is a person who works for

According to Census of India, ‘Main Worker’ is a person who works for at least:

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100 days in a year.
153 days in a year.
183 days in a year.
200 days in a year.
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According to the Census of India, a ‘Main Worker’ is defined as a person who has worked for 183 days (or six months) or more during the reference period (one year preceding the date of enumeration). A person who worked for less than 183 days is classified as a ‘Marginal Worker’.
The Census of India categorizes the population into Workers and Non-Workers. Workers are further subdivided into Main Workers and Marginal Workers based on the duration of work. This classification helps in understanding the nature of employment and the workforce composition.
The reference period for the Census is the one year preceding the date of enumeration. The classification into Main and Marginal workers provides insights into the regularity and intensity of economic activity.

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38. Insolation percentage received on Pole as compared to Equator is

Insolation percentage received on Pole as compared to Equator is approximately:

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42 percent.
68 percent.
33 percent.
47 percent.
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Due to the angle of the Earth’s tilt and the curvature of the Earth, the sun’s rays strike the poles at a much more oblique angle compared to the equator. This oblique angle means the solar radiation is spread over a larger area and passes through a thicker layer of the atmosphere, where it is absorbed, scattered, and reflected more significantly. On an annual average basis, the insolation received at the poles is significantly less than at the equator, typically around 30-40% of the equatorial value. 33% is a commonly cited approximation for the annual average insolation received at the poles compared to the equator.
The amount of solar radiation (insolation) received on the Earth’s surface varies geographically and seasonally due to factors like the angle of incidence of sunlight, atmospheric thickness, duration of daylight, and albedo.
While poles receive very low annual average insolation, they experience extreme seasonal variations, including periods of 24-hour daylight or darkness. The equator, in contrast, receives relatively consistent high levels of insolation throughout the year.

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39. Which of the following two states have the highest per capita income i

Which of the following two states have the highest per capita income in India?

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Punjab and Kerala
Kerala and Goa
Goa and Haryana
Haryana and Punjab
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Based on recent economic data, Goa and Haryana are typically among the states with the highest per capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP), which is a measure of per capita income at the state level. Goa often ranks highest or among the top two, followed closely by states like Sikkim, Delhi (UT), and Haryana.
Per capita income is a measure of the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year. It is often used to gauge the standard of living and economic development. Factors contributing to high per capita income can include industrialization, services sector growth, favorable demographics, and efficient resource utilization.
While Punjab and Kerala have relatively high per capita incomes compared to the national average, they are generally not ranked as high as Goa, Sikkim, or Haryana. Kerala, for example, is known for high human development indicators but not always for the highest per capita income compared to the leading states.

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40. Which one among the following states does NOT share boundary with

Which one among the following states does NOT share boundary with Chhattisgarh?

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Bihar
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
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Bihar does not share a border with Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh, located in central India, shares its borders with Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand to the north, Odisha to the east, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to the south, and Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the west.
Understanding the geographical location and political boundaries of Indian states is crucial for such questions. Mapping the states helps in identifying shared borders.
Chhattisgarh was formed on 1 November 2000, by carving out sixteen Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.

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