UPSC Geoscientist

21. Which among the following statements about Vijayanagara are correct ?

Which among the following statements about Vijayanagara are correct ?

  • Colin Mackenzie was the first Surveyor General of India to visit Vijayanagara.
  • John Marshall was the first to take detailed photographs of the site.
  • James Burgess was the first to undertake conservation of Hampi.

Select the answer using the code given below :

1 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2
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Correct Answer: A
– Statement 1 is correct: Colin Mackenzie, a surveyor and antiquarian, visited the ruins of Hampi (Vijayanagara) around 1800 and produced the first survey maps of the site. He is considered the first Surveyor General of India appointed in 1815.
– Statement 2 is incorrect: Detailed photography of Hampi started much earlier than John Marshall’s time. For example, Alexander Greenlaw took extensive photographs of Hampi in 1856. John Marshall served as the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928.
– Statement 3 is incorrect: While James Burgess contributed significantly to Indian archaeology and conservation principles, he was not the first to undertake conservation efforts at Hampi. Early efforts were limited, and systematic, large-scale conservation initiatives at Hampi came much later, involving various individuals and the Archaeological Survey of India over time. Mackenzie’s work was primarily documentation.
Colin Mackenzie’s documentation of Vijayanagara was crucial for later studies of the site. The ruins of Hampi, the site of the Vijayanagara empire, are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and have been the subject of extensive archaeological research, documentation, and conservation over the centuries.

22. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

List I (Book)
P. Eighteen Fifty-seven
Q. Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies (1857 – 1859)
R. The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857
S. Awadh in Revolt, 1857 – 1858

List II (Author)
1. S.N. Sen
2. R.C. Majumdar
3. S.B. Chaudhuri
4. Rudrangshu Mukherjee

Code :

P Q R S
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 4 2 3 1
(d) 1 3 2 4
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 4 2 3 1
(d) 1 3 2 4
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Correct Answer: D
– The correct matching of the books on the Indian Mutiny (Revolt of 1857) with their respective authors is as follows:
– ‘Eighteen Fifty-seven’ was written by S.N. Sen, who was commissioned by the Government of India to write a history of the mutiny.
– ‘Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies (1857 – 1859)’ is a work by S.B. Chaudhuri.
– ‘The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857’ was written by R.C. Majumdar, who was initially commissioned but later wrote his independent account.
– ‘Awadh in Revolt, 1857 – 1858’ is a detailed study of the revolt in Awadh by Rudrangshu Mukherjee.
These books represent different perspectives and historical analyses of the 1857 revolt. S.N. Sen’s work was the official history, while R.C. Majumdar presented a view that differed from the official narrative, particularly on the nature and scope of the revolt. S.B. Chaudhuri focused on the civil uprisings that accompanied the sepoy mutiny. Rudrangshu Mukherjee’s work provides a regional study of the revolt in Awadh, highlighting the role of taluqdars and peasants.

23. Which one of the following statements is/are correct for a vascular bu

Which one of the following statements is/are correct for a vascular bundle in which xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius ?

  • These are called conjoint vascular bundles.
  • Cambium may be present in such vascular bundles.
  • Conjoint vascular bundles are always of closed type.

Select the answer using the code given below :

1 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
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Statement 1 is correct: Vascular bundles in which xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius are called conjoint vascular bundles. Statement 2 is correct: Cambium may or may not be present between xylem and phloem in conjoint bundles. If present, they are called open conjoint bundles, characteristic of dicot stems. Statement 3 is incorrect: Conjoint vascular bundles can be open (with cambium) or closed (without cambium, characteristic of monocot stems).
Conjoint vascular bundles have xylem and phloem on the same radius and can be open (with cambium) or closed (without cambium).
Radial vascular bundles have xylem and phloem arranged on different radii, alternating with each other (typical of roots). Conjoint bundles are characteristic of stems and leaves. Collateral conjoint bundles have xylem towards the center and phloem towards the periphery. Bicollateral conjoint bundles have phloem on both sides of the xylem.

24. Which one of the following is the technique of joining parts of two pl

Which one of the following is the technique of joining parts of two plants to form a composite plant ?

Layering
Grafting
Cutting
Budding
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Grafting is an asexual propagation technique where tissues of one plant (the scion) are joined to those of another (the rootstock) so that they unite and continue to grow as one plant. This allows combining desirable traits from two different plants.
Grafting involves joining parts of two plants (scion and rootstock) to grow together.
Layering is a method where a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant. Cutting involves taking a piece of a plant (stem, root, or leaf) and rooting it to form a new independent plant. Budding is a type of grafting where a single bud is used as the scion.

25. After few days of sowing of maize seeds in the soil, irrespective of t

After few days of sowing of maize seeds in the soil, irrespective of their position, the radicle always grows downwards, whereas the coleoptile always grows upwards. This phenomenon is known as :

Phototropism
Hydrotropism
Chemotropism
Geotropism
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The phenomenon described is the directed growth of plant parts in response to gravity. The radicle (root) grows downwards towards gravity (positive geotropism), while the coleoptile (shoot) grows upwards away from gravity (negative geotropism). This response to gravity is known as geotropism, or more modernly, gravitropism.
Geotropism is the directional growth of plant parts in response to gravity.
Phototropism is the growth response to light (shoots are typically positive phototropic, roots negative). Hydrotropism is the growth response to water (roots are typically positive hydrotropic). Chemotropism is the growth response to chemicals.

26. Which among the following correctly shows the pathway of water movemen

Which among the following correctly shows the pathway of water movement in a root ?

Pericycle → Endodermis → Cortex → Epidermis
Epidermis → Pericycle → Endodermis → Cortex
Epidermis → Endodermis → Cortex → Pericycle
Epidermis → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle
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Water is absorbed by root hairs, which are extensions of epidermal cells. From the epidermis, water moves inward through the cortex. It then crosses the endodermis (where the Casparian strip regulates passage), enters the pericycle, and finally moves into the xylem for upward transport. The correct pathway is Epidermis → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle.
Water enters the root through the epidermis, moves through the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and finally into the xylem.
Water can move through the cortex via two main pathways: the apoplast pathway (through cell walls and intercellular spaces) and the symplast pathway (through the cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata). The Casparian strip in the endodermis forces water to enter the symplast, providing a selective barrier.

27. Which one of the following processes describes the movement of particl

Which one of the following processes describes the movement of particles or molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration ?

Diffusion
Osmosis
Plasmolysis
Deplasmolysis
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Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by the concentration gradient. This process does not require a semi-permeable membrane or external energy input and continues until equilibrium is reached.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion involving the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher solute concentration). Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis relate to the effect of osmotic water movement on plant cells.

28. The Prime Meridian (zero degree longitude) does not pass through whi

The Prime Meridian (zero degree longitude) does not pass through which of the following country/countries ?

  1. England
  2. France
  3. Portugal
  4. Scotland

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 and 2
2 and 3
3 and 4
3 only
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The Prime Meridian (0° longitude) passes through several countries including the United Kingdom (specifically Greenwich in England), France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Ghana. Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, but the Prime Meridian passes through England, not Scotland. Portugal is also a country on the Iberian Peninsula but the Prime Meridian does not pass through it. Therefore, the Prime Meridian does not pass through Portugal (3) and Scotland (4).
The Prime Meridian passes through England and France but not Scotland or Portugal.
The Prime Meridian was established at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London, UK in 1884. It serves as the line of 0° longitude and the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

29. The ancient city of Taxila is situated in which one among the followin

The ancient city of Taxila is situated in which one among the following provinces of Pakistan ?

Baluchistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Sindh
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The ancient city of Taxila is located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated near Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Taxila is an ancient city located in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Taxila was an important Buddhist centre from the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was strategically located on the trade routes connecting Central Asia and India.

30. Which of the following statements regarding Galápagos Islands in the P

Which of the following statements regarding Galápagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean is/are correct ?

  • They are formed due to volcanic activity.
  • They are part of the South American nation Peru.

Select the answer using the code given below :

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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The first statement, “They are formed due to volcanic activity,” is correct. The Galápagos Islands are a volcanic archipelago. The second statement, “They are part of the South American nation Peru,” is incorrect. The Galápagos Islands are a province of Ecuador.
Galápagos Islands are volcanic and belong to Ecuador.
The Galápagos Islands are famous for their unique ecosystems, which inspired Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection following his visit in 1835. They are located about 900 kilometers (560 mi) west of continental Ecuador.
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