UPSC Geoscientist Archives

11. Raja Gulab Singh acquired Kashmir by

Raja Gulab Singh acquired Kashmir by

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the Treaty of Amritsar

the Treaty of Lahore

the Treaty of Bhyroval

the Treaty of Sugauli

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2022

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Raja Gulab Singh acquired Kashmir by the Treaty of Amritsar.

Following the First Anglo-Sikh War, the Treaty of Lahore (1846) required the Sikh state to cede territory, including Kashmir, to the British East India Company. Shortly after, the Company sold Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu for 75 lakh rupees via the Treaty of Amritsar on March 16, 1846.

The Treaty of Lahore was signed on March 9, 1846, ending the war. The Treaty of Bhyroval (December 1846) further increased British control over the Sikh state. The Treaty of Sugauli (1816) was related to the Anglo-Nepalese War.

12. Local bodies, first formed in British India between 1864-1868, were pr

Local bodies, first formed in British India between 1864-1868, were presided by

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the elected presiding officers

the eldest member of the local body

the District Magistrates

the nominee of the Viceroy

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Local bodies first formed in British India between 1864-1868 were typically presided by the District Magistrates.

In the early stages of municipal administration development in British India during the mid-19th century, before the reforms of Lord Mayo (1870) and Lord Ripon (1882), these local bodies were largely under the control of government officials, and the District Magistrate often served as their ex-officio president.

Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 significantly advanced local self-government by recommending the establishment of elected non-official majorities and the appointment of non-officials as chairmen where possible, shifting control away from government officials. However, the period 1864-1868 predates these major reforms.

13. A Bunch of Old Letters, originally published in 1958, is a collection

A Bunch of Old Letters, originally published in 1958, is a collection of letters written to and by

Acharya Narendra Dev

N. G. Ranga

Jawaharlal Nehru

Sarojini Naidu

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“A Bunch of Old Letters”, originally published in 1958, is a collection of letters written to and by Jawaharlal Nehru.

The book contains personal and political correspondence of Jawaharlal Nehru with various notable figures from Indian history, including Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, and others.

The collection provides insights into the personal thoughts and political journey of India’s first Prime Minister during significant periods of the Indian freedom struggle and the early years of independence.

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14. Which of the following diagnostic tests carry the health risks associa

Which of the following diagnostic tests carry the health risks associated with ionizing radiations?

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CT scans and X-rays only

MRI scans and X-rays only

CT scans, MRI scans and Ultrasonography only

CT scans, MRI scans, Ultrasonography and X-rays

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2022

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CT scans and X-rays are diagnostic tests that carry health risks associated with ionizing radiations.

Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. This process can damage DNA in cells, potentially leading to an increased risk of cancer over time, especially with repeated exposure. CT scans use multiple X-ray images.

MRI scans use strong magnetic fields and radio waves, which are non-ionizing forms of radiation and do not cause DNA damage in the same way as X-rays. Ultrasonography uses sound waves, also a non-ionizing form of energy. Medical professionals carefully weigh the diagnostic benefits of procedures involving ionizing radiation against the potential risks.

15. Covaxin, a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured in India, is

Covaxin, a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured in India, is

a live attenuated virus vaccine

an inactivated whole virus vaccine

a messenger RNA vaccine

a protein subunit vaccine

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Covaxin, manufactured by Bharat Biotech, is an inactivated whole virus vaccine.

Inactivated vaccines use a killed version of the pathogen (in this case, the SARS-CoV-2 virus) to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. The entire virus is used, but it is rendered non-infectious.

Other types of COVID-19 vaccines include mRNA vaccines (like Pfizer and Moderna), viral vector vaccines (like Covishield/AstraZeneca and Sputnik V), and protein subunit vaccines (like Novavax and Corbevax). Each type uses a different approach to trigger an immune response against the virus.

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16. Which of the following major parameters are considered while deriving

Which of the following major parameters are considered while deriving the Air Quality Index (AQI) of an area in India?

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Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter only

Carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide only

Particulate matter and sulphur dioxide only

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter and sulphur dioxide

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Nitrogen oxide (specifically Nitrogen Dioxide – NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are major parameters considered while deriving the Air Quality Index (AQI) of an area in India.

India’s National Air Quality Index (AQI) is based on eight pollutants: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Ammonia (NH3), and Lead (Pb). Both Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter are included in this list and are often major contributors to poor air quality.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas but is not considered a pollutant in the standard Air Quality Index used in India and many other countries, as its direct impact on human health at ambient concentrations is different from the pollutants listed for AQI. While options A and C list correct parameters, Option A combines Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter, which are key components of common urban pollution mixes (e.g., vehicular emissions contribute significantly to both PM and NO2). Option D includes CO2, rendering it incorrect.

18. Which one of the following foods is not naturally rich in protein?

Which one of the following foods is not naturally rich in protein?

Green leafy vegetable

Lentil

Yoghurt

Egg

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2022

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Green leafy vegetables are not naturally rich in protein compared to the other options.

While green leafy vegetables are excellent sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, their protein content is relatively low on a per-weight basis compared to legumes, dairy products, and eggs.

Lentils are legumes known for their high plant-based protein content. Yoghurt, a dairy product, is a good source of animal protein. Eggs are a classic complete protein source, rich in high-quality protein. For example, 100g of spinach might contain around 2.8g of protein, while 100g of cooked lentils contains about 9g, 100g of plain yoghurt about 10g, and a large egg (approx 50g) contains about 6g.

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19. Foods like margarine, cookies, chips, snack foods are considered as un

Foods like margarine, cookies, chips, snack foods are considered as unhealthy foods for humans. Which one of the following varieties of fats found in all of these foods is most harmful?

Trans fat

Monounsaturated fat

Polyunsaturated fat

Saturated fat

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Trans fat is considered the most harmful variety of fat found in processed foods like margarine, cookies, and chips.

Trans fats, often created through the process of hydrogenation, raise levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (“good” cholesterol). This combination significantly increases the risk of heart disease.

Saturated fats primarily raise LDL cholesterol but do not significantly lower HDL cholesterol, making them less harmful than trans fats. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are generally considered beneficial for heart health as they can help improve cholesterol levels when consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet. Many health organizations recommend minimizing or eliminating trans fat consumption.

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20. Which one of the following sets of elements is essential for the produ

Which one of the following sets of elements is essential for the production of red blood cells in human body?

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Arsenic and zinc only

Iron and zinc only

Arsenic and iron only

Arsenic, iron, lead and zinc

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2022

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Iron and zinc are essential elements for the production of red blood cells in the human body.

Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. Zinc is essential for various metabolic functions, including DNA synthesis and cell division, which are necessary for erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).

While iron is directly incorporated into hemoglobin, zinc plays a crucial supporting role in enzyme activity and cellular processes involved in red blood cell formation and maturation. Arsenic and lead are heavy metals that are toxic and not essential for red blood cell production; in fact, lead toxicity can impair RBC synthesis. Other nutrients like Vitamin B12 and folate are also vital for healthy red blood cell production.