UPSC Geoscientist

11. Which one of the following is NOT a power of the Lok Sabha?

Which one of the following is NOT a power of the Lok Sabha?

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Makes laws on matters included in the Union and Concurrent Lists
Can introduce and enact money and non-money bills
Can initiate procedure for removal of Vice-President of India
Amends the Constitution of India
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UPSC Geoscientist – 2021
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The Lok Sabha has powers regarding lawmaking on Union and Concurrent Lists, introduction and enactment of bills (including Money Bills, with special powers), and amendment of the Constitution (jointly with Rajya Sabha). However, the power to initiate the procedure for the removal of the Vice-President rests solely with the Rajya Sabha (Article 67(b)). The Lok Sabha only participates in agreeing to such a resolution after it has been passed by the Rajya Sabha.
The initiation of the removal of the Vice-President is an exclusive power of the Rajya Sabha.
Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Constitutional amendment bills can be introduced in either House. Ordinary bills can be introduced in either House. The Lok Sabha shares the power of amending the Constitution with the Rajya Sabha, requiring a special majority in both Houses.

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12. Article 243 (D) of the Constitution of India provides reserved seats i

Article 243 (D) of the Constitution of India provides reserved seats in Panchayats for:

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Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.
Scheduled Tribes only.
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes.
Other Backward Castes and Women.
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Article 243D of the Constitution of India deals with the reservation of seats in Panchayats. It mandates the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in every Panchayat in proportion to their population in the Panchayat area. It also mandates the reservation of not less than one-third of the total number of seats for women, including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to SCs and STs. While states are empowered to provide for reservation for Backward Classes (OBCs), this is not mandatory under Article 243D itself; it is left to the discretion of the state legislature. Option A correctly lists the categories for which reservation is mandatory under Article 243D.
Article 243D mandates reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in Panchayats.
The reservation for OBCs in Panchayats is provided by individual state laws based on enabling provisions in the Constitution, but it is not a mandatory requirement under Article 243D at the central level like the reservations for SCs, STs, and women.

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13. Which one of the following is NOT the ordinance making power of the

Which one of the following is NOT the ordinance making power of the Governor?

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Governor shall have this power only when the legislature, or both Houses thereof, are not in session
The scope of ordinance making power is coextensive with the legislative powers of the state legislature
The Governor himself / herself shall not be competent to withdraw the ordinance at any time
It is not a discretionary power, but must be exercised with the aid and advice of Ministers
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Article 213 of the Indian Constitution grants the Governor the power to promulgate ordinances.
A) This statement is correct. The Governor can exercise this power only when the legislative assembly (or both houses, if bicameral) is not in session.
B) This statement is correct. The scope of the ordinance-making power is coextensive with the legislative power of the State Legislature (limited to subjects in the State List and Concurrent List).
C) This statement is incorrect. The Governor *is* competent to withdraw an ordinance at any time before it is approved or disapproved by the legislature. The power to promulgate includes the power to withdraw.
D) This statement is correct. The Governor exercises this power on the advice of the Council of Ministers, not in their personal discretion (as established by Supreme Court judgments, e.g., Cooper case, D.C. Wadhwa case).
The question asks which one is NOT the ordinance making power of the Governor.
The Governor’s ordinance-making power (Article 213) is exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers, only when the legislature is not in session, and its scope is limited to the state legislature’s legislative powers. The Governor has the power to withdraw an ordinance at any time.
Ordinances have the same force and effect as an Act of the Legislature but are temporary in nature. They must be laid before the state legislature when it reassembles and cease to operate within six weeks from the reassembly unless approved earlier.

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14. Animal fats generally contain:

Animal fats generally contain:

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unsaturated fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids.
unsaturated long chain alcohols.
lipids.
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UPSC Geoscientist – 2021
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Animal fats, such as butter and lard, are typically solid or semi-solid at room temperature. This physical state is primarily due to a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids in their composition. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, allowing them to pack tightly together, resulting in a higher melting point.
Animal fats generally contain a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, which contributes to their solid or semi-solid state at room temperature.
Plant oils, on the other hand, contain a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (with one or more double bonds), which introduces kinks in the hydrocarbon chains, preventing tight packing and resulting in lower melting points (liquid at room temperature). Fats and oils are both types of triglycerides, which are lipids. While animal fats are lipids, option D is too broad; option B specifically addresses the type of fatty acids characteristic of animal fats.

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15. Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the

Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of:

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Atomic nucleus
Electron
Proton
Neutron
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UPSC Geoscientist – 2021
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Ernest Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment (also known as the Geiger-Marsden experiment) involved firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil. The results (most particles passing through, some deflected, and a few bouncing back) led Rutherford to propose the nuclear model of the atom, where a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus exists at the center, with electrons orbiting around it. This experiment was pivotal in the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
Rutherford’s alpha-scattering experiment demonstrated the existence of a small, dense, positively charged region at the center of the atom, which he called the nucleus.
The electron was discovered by J.J. Thomson using cathode ray tubes. Protons were identified as the positive particles within the nucleus, though Rutherford’s experiments were key to understanding the positive charge concentration. Neutrons were discovered later by James Chadwick.

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16. Which one of the following is the functional group of Methyl

Which one of the following is the functional group of Methyl butanoate?

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Ester
Ether
Carboxylic acid
Ketone
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Methyl butanoate is an organic compound that belongs to the class of esters. The name “butanoate” indicates that it is derived from butanoic acid, and “methyl” indicates the alkyl group attached to the oxygen atom (R’ in R-COO-R’). The structure of methyl butanoate is CH₃CH₂CH₂COO-CH₃. The characteristic functional group present in esters is the ester group (-COO-).
Methyl butanoate is an ester, identified by the presence of the -COO- functional group derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Ethers have the functional group R-O-R’. Carboxylic acids have the functional group -COOH. Ketones have the functional group R-CO-R’, where the carbonyl group is located within the carbon chain.

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17. Bronze is an alloy of:

Bronze is an alloy of:

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copper and tin.
copper and zinc.
zinc and tin.
copper and lead.
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Bronze is traditionally and most commonly an alloy of copper and tin. The addition of tin to copper increases its hardness and durability, making it suitable for various applications like tools, weapons, and statues.
Bronze is an alloy primarily composed of copper and tin.
Brass is another common copper alloy, but it is an alloy of copper and zinc. Different types of bronze may contain other elements like phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon, but the primary components are copper and tin.

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18. Which one of the following is the correct order of relative reactiviti

Which one of the following is the correct order of relative reactivities of metals Ca, Al, Hg and Au?

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”Ca
”Au
”Al
”Ca
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The reactivity of metals is typically determined by their tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. This is represented by the reactivity series. The standard reactivity series is: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au > Pt.
Comparing the given metals:
Calcium (Ca) is above Aluminium (Al) in the series.
Aluminium (Al) is above Mercury (Hg) and Gold (Au).
Mercury (Hg) is above Gold (Au).
Therefore, the correct order of decreasing reactivity is Ca > Al > Hg > Au.
The reactivity series orders metals from most reactive (top) to least reactive (bottom) based on their tendency to lose electrons. Ca is higher than Al, which is higher than Hg, which is higher than Au.
More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds. Gold and Platinum are known as noble metals because they are very unreactive.

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19. Tincture of iodine is:

Tincture of iodine is:

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a solution of iodine in alcohol only.
a solution of iodine in water only.
a solution of iodine in alcohol and water.
iodine.
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UPSC Geoscientist – 2021
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Tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine in a solvent that includes alcohol (typically ethanol) and water. It is commonly used as an antiseptic. Sometimes, potassium iodide or sodium iodide is also added to increase the solubility of iodine in the solvent.
Tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine, commonly dissolved in a mixture of alcohol (ethanol) and water.
The term “tincture” generally refers to a medicine made by dissolving a drug in alcohol. While historically some tinctures were purely alcoholic, modern tinctures, especially antiseptic ones like iodine, often use a mixture of alcohol and water.

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20. How many valence electrons are present in Cl – ion?

How many valence electrons are present in Cl– ion?

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0
8
7
1
This question was previously asked in
UPSC Geoscientist – 2021
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Chlorine (Cl) has an atomic number of 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵. The outermost shell (n=3) is the valence shell, which contains 2 + 5 = 7 valence electrons. The Cl⁻ ion is formed when a neutral chlorine atom gains one electron to achieve a stable octet configuration. The electronic configuration of Cl⁻ becomes 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶. The valence shell (n=3) now contains 2 + 6 = 8 electrons.
A neutral chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. A chloride ion (Cl⁻) gains one electron to complete its valence shell, resulting in 8 valence electrons.
Ions tend to form by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, often a full valence shell (octet rule for many elements). Cl⁻ achieves a stable octet configuration in its valence shell.

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