UPSC CDS-1

41. Who among the following said that Democracy means a system of ‘Governm

Who among the following said that Democracy means a system of ‘Government by Consent’?

John Locke
J.S. Mill
Jeremy Bentham
J.J. Rousseau
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The concept of ‘Government by Consent’ is most strongly associated with the political philosophy of John Locke.
In Locke’s social contract theory, legitimate government authority is derived from the consent of the governed, who voluntarily give up some rights in exchange for protection of life, liberty, and property.
While other thinkers like Rousseau also discussed social contracts and the relationship between the people and the government, Locke’s emphasis on individual rights and government legitimacy stemming directly from the consent of the individuals is the core idea behind ‘Government by Consent’. J.S. Mill focused on liberty and utilitarianism, and Jeremy Bentham is known as the founder of utilitarianism. Rousseau’s concept revolved around the ‘general will’.

42. Legal Positivism’ theory was developed by

Legal Positivism’ theory was developed by

T.H. Green
Thomas Hobbes
John Austin
Patrick Devlin
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The ‘Legal Positivism’ theory, particularly in its classical form, was extensively developed by John Austin.
John Austin is considered a founder of analytical jurisprudence and classical legal positivism, known for his ‘command theory’ of law.
Legal positivism is a philosophy of law that argues that law is based on social facts, not on inherent moral values. Thomas Hobbes is a social contract theorist whose ideas influenced later legal and political thought, but he is not the primary figure associated with the systematic development of legal positivism as a distinct school. T.H. Green was a British idealist political philosopher associated with positive liberalism. Patrick Devlin was a British judge known for his debate with H.L.A. Hart on the relationship between law and morality.

43. Equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the ter

Equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India is guaranteed under which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India ?

Article 14
Article 15
Article 16
Article 22
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Article 14 of the Constitution of India guarantees the right to ‘Equality before the law or equal protection of the laws’ within the territory of India.
Article 14 is a fundamental right that prohibits discrimination and ensures that everyone is treated equally under the law, subject to reasonable classifications.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination on specific grounds (religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth). Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment. Article 22 provides protection against arbitrary arrest and detention. While all these articles relate to equality in different aspects, Article 14 specifically contains the phrases “Equality before the law” and “Equal protection of the laws”.

44. Which of the following statements regarding the ‘casting vote’ in the

Which of the following statements regarding the ‘casting vote’ in the Parliament is/are correct ?

  • It is cast by the speaker or a person acting as such.
  • It is cast in addition to voting in the first instance.
  • It is cast in the case of equality of votes.
  • It is always cast to maintain the status quo.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1, 2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 4 only
3 only
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Statements 1 and 3 are correct regarding the casting vote in Parliament. The casting vote is exercised by the presiding officer (Speaker, Chairman, etc.) only when there is a tie (equality of votes).
The presiding officer does not vote in the first instance; they only vote in case of a deadlock to break the tie.
Statement 2 is incorrect because the presiding officer does not vote in addition to voting in the first instance; they vote *instead* of voting in the first instance, only if needed to break a tie. Statement 4 is incorrect because while presiding officers in some parliamentary systems (like the UK) may follow a convention of voting to maintain the status quo, there is no such mandatory rule or constitutional requirement for the Speaker or Chairman in the Indian Parliament. They are free to cast their vote in any way they deem fit to break the tie.

45. National Disaster Management Authority is headed by

National Disaster Management Authority is headed by

the Prime Minister.
the Home Minister.
the President.
the Health Minister.
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The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is headed by the Prime Minister of India.
The Prime Minister serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the NDMA.
The National Disaster Management Authority was established by the Government of India under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. It is the apex body responsible for laying down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management and coordinating their enforcement and implementation. The Home Minister is the Vice-Chairperson of the NDMA.

46. When was the monopoly of China trade lost by East India Company ?

When was the monopoly of China trade lost by East India Company ?

1813
1833
1838
1860
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The correct answer is B) 1833.
The Charter Act of 1833 completely abolished the East India Company’s commercial functions, including its monopoly on the tea trade with China. This opened up the China trade to all British merchants.
The Charter Act of 1813 had ended the East India Company’s monopoly over trade with India, except for the trade in tea and the trade with China. The Act of 1833 was a further step towards liquidating the Company’s commercial role and converting it into a purely administrative body for British possessions in India.

47. Which one of the following statements about the British Indian Medical

Which one of the following statements about the British Indian Medical Service (IMS) is not correct ?

IMS began in 1764.
It recruited health professionals by means of a competitive examination.
Indians were never admitted to IMS.
The IMS was at first meant to look after the troops.
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The correct answer is C) Indians were never admitted to IMS.
Statement C is incorrect. While the Indian Medical Service (IMS) was initially dominated by Europeans, Indians were gradually admitted to the service, particularly from the late 19th century onwards, although they faced significant discrimination and were rarely promoted to higher ranks held by their European counterparts.
A) The IMS originated from the medical services of the East India Company’s presidencies, which were unified into a single service in 1764. B) Recruitment to the IMS was later done through competitive examinations held in London, which was a barrier for many Indians initially, but they did compete and get selected over time. D) The IMS primarily served the military forces of the British East India Company and later the British Indian Army, providing medical care to troops, though its role expanded over time to include civil medical duties.

48. Which one of the following statements with regard to ryotwari settleme

Which one of the following statements with regard to ryotwari settlement is not correct ?

In southern and western India, the ryotwari settlement was adopted.
Ryotwari was in principle a direct contract between the ryot and the state.
It means a tax contract valid for usually 30 years.
In principle, it strengthened the former elite, the zamindars and weakened the peasantry.
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The correct answer is D) In principle, it strengthened the former elite, the zamindars and weakened the peasantry.
The Ryotwari settlement was designed to establish a direct relationship between the individual cultivator (ryot) and the state, eliminating intermediaries like zamindars. Therefore, it did not strengthen the zamindars; in areas where it was implemented, the zamindari system was not prevalent or was replaced.
Statements A, B, and C are correct characteristics of the Ryotwari settlement. It was implemented primarily in Madras and Bombay Presidencies (southern and western India). It was a direct contract between the peasant and the state, and the land revenue was usually fixed for a period, often around 30 years. While the intention was to protect the ryots, high revenue demands often led to distress and indebtedness.

49. Which one of the following British firms was taken over by Soorajmull-

Which one of the following British firms was taken over by Soorajmull-Nagarmull group ?

McLeod
Octavius Steel
Davenport
Andrew Yule
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The correct answer is B) Octavius Steel.
The Soorajmull Nagarmull group, a prominent Indian business house, acquired control of the British managing agency firm Octavius Steel and Co. Ltd. in the post-independence era.
During the period of decolonization and the subsequent decades, many British managing agency houses operating in India were taken over by Indian business groups. Soorajmull Nagarmull was one such group that expanded its empire through these acquisitions, including that of Octavius Steel, which had interests in jute, tea, and other sectors.

50. François Bernier was physician to

François Bernier was physician to

Prince Murad
Princess Jahanara
Emperor Shah Jahan
Prince Dara Shikoh
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The correct answer is D) Prince Dara Shikoh.
François Bernier, a French physician and traveller, came to India in 1658 and resided at the Mughal court for about twelve years. He initially served as a physician to Prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan.
After Dara Shikoh’s defeat and execution, Bernier managed to gain favour with Aurangzeb, the new emperor, and also served Danishmand Khan, a Mughal noble. His book, ‘Travels in the Mogul Empire’, is a valuable account of life, society, and politics in India during the Mughal period.
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