UPSC CDS-1

21. Who among the following formulated the concept of poverty as a measura

Who among the following formulated the concept of poverty as a measurable indicator in the Indian subcontinent ?

Dadabhai Naoroji
Romesh Chandra Dutt
V.K.R.V. Rao
M. Ranade
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Dadabhai Naoroji was one of the earliest individuals to attempt to estimate poverty in India using a measurable indicator.
He calculated a ‘Poverty Line’ based on the cost of a minimum diet necessary for subsistence, essentially estimating the ‘jail cost of living’ for a basic living standard. This was linked to his ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory, arguing that British rule caused economic impoverishment in India.
While other scholars like Romesh Chandra Dutt also wrote about economic conditions and poverty during the colonial period, Naoroji is specifically recognized for his pioneering work in quantifying poverty using a structured method, making it a measurable indicator.

22. Which of the following is/are the function(s) of environment? 1. Sup

Which of the following is/are the function(s) of environment?

  • 1. Supplying resources
  • 2. Sustaining life
  • 3. Providing aesthetic services

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
1 and 3 only
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The environment performs all three mentioned functions: supplying resources, sustaining life, and providing aesthetic services.
The environment is the source of all natural resources (minerals, water, air, forests, etc.) required for production and consumption. It sustains life by providing the necessary conditions for ecosystems and organisms to thrive (e.g., breathable air, habitable climate, nutrient cycles). It also offers non-material benefits like scenic beauty, recreational opportunities, and cultural/spiritual values (aesthetic services).
These functions highlight the multi-faceted importance of the environment not only for economic activities but also for ecological balance and human well-being. Environmental economics often categorizes these as resource function, sink function (absorbing waste), life support function, and amenity function.

23. Who among the following, first mooted the idea of deficit financing ?

Who among the following, first mooted the idea of deficit financing ?

Adam Smith
Alfred Marshall
John Maynard Keynes
Milton Friedman
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John Maynard Keynes is credited with first mooting and popularizing the idea of deficit financing as a tool for economic management, particularly during times of recession.
In his work, notably “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,” Keynes argued that government spending, even financed by deficits, was necessary to stimulate aggregate demand and reduce unemployment during economic downturns.
Deficit financing involves a government spending more than it receives in revenue, covering the difference by borrowing or printing money. While historical instances of governments spending beyond their means existed, Keynes provided a theoretical framework advocating its deliberate use for macroeconomic stabilization.

24. Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh is known for :

Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh is known for :

Solar energy.
Geothermal energy.
Bioenergy.
Wind energy.
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Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh is well-known for its hot springs, which are manifestations of geothermal energy.
Hot springs indicate underlying geothermal activity, where heat from beneath the Earth’s surface warms groundwater. Manikaran has potential for geothermal energy utilization.
Manikaran Sahib is a popular pilgrimage site and tourist destination, primarily famous for its natural hot water springs that are used for bathing and cooking.

25. In India, the period of steady population growth refers to the decade(

In India, the period of steady population growth refers to the decade(s) of :

1981 - 2011
1951 - 1981
1921 - 1951
1911 - 1921
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The period from 1921 to 1951 is considered the period of steady population growth in India.
This phase was marked by a continuous increase in population, unlike the preceding period (before 1921) which saw fluctuating or stagnant growth due to high mortality rates. Improvements in health and sanitation started to lower the death rate, while the birth rate remained high, leading to a steady growth.
The year 1921 is often referred to as the ‘Great Divide’ in India’s demographic history because it marked the transition from a period of stagnant population growth to one of steady growth. The subsequent period (1951-1981) witnessed a rapid acceleration in population growth, often termed the ‘period of population explosion’.

26. Which one of the following States/Union Territories has the highest pe

Which one of the following States/Union Territories has the highest percentage of forest area to the total geographical area?

Arunachal Pradesh
Lakshadweep
Nagaland
Mizoram
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Lakshadweep, a Union Territory, has the highest percentage of forest area to its total geographical area among the options listed, based on official forest survey reports.
While Mizoram is the state with the highest percentage of forest cover, Lakshadweep, being a UT, has an even higher percentage due to its small land area and dense tropical vegetation on its islands.
According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021, the forest cover percentage for the options are approximately: Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%), Lakshadweep (90.33%), Nagaland (73.90%), and Mizoram (84.93%).

27. Where are the Bermuda Islands located ?

Where are the Bermuda Islands located ?

Caribbean Sea
North Atlantic Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Mediterranean Sea
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The Bermuda Islands are located in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is located off the east coast of the United States, roughly east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
The Caribbean Sea is located further south, separating the Caribbean islands from Central and South America. The Gulf of Mexico is west of the Caribbean and south of the US. The Mediterranean Sea is located between Europe, Africa, and Asia.

28. Which one of the following climatic types (Köppen’s Scheme) is best su

Which one of the following climatic types (Köppen’s Scheme) is best suited to describe the climate of the western fringe of Rajasthan ?

Amw
Aw
Bwhw
Cwg
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The climate of the western fringe of Rajasthan, which includes the Thar desert, is best described by Köppen’s climatic type BWhw.
According to the Köppen climate classification, ‘B’ denotes arid or dry climates. ‘BW’ signifies a desert climate. The third letter, ‘h’, indicates a hot climate (average annual temperature is above 18°C). The fourth letter, ‘w’, indicates a dry winter (the wettest month in summer receives at least ten times as much precipitation as the driest month in winter). Western Rajasthan is a hot desert region with most rainfall occurring during the monsoon season in summer, making the winters relatively dry.
Amw and Aw are tropical wet or savanna climates, respectively. Cwg is a temperate climate with dry winter, often found in the Gangetic plains. These are not characteristic of the arid western fringe of Rajasthan.

29. Which one of the following is the first urban settlement in the world

Which one of the following is the first urban settlement in the world to reach a population size of one million (million-plus city) ?

London
Paris
New York
Washington D.C.
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London was the first urban settlement in the world to reach a population size of one million.
London’s population reached one million around the year 1800 or slightly after, becoming the largest city in the world at that time due to industrialization and increased trade.
While cities like Rome in antiquity might have had populations approaching or even exceeding a million at their peak, London is widely recognized as the first modern city to reach this milestone during the Industrial Revolution era. Paris reached a million later in the 19th century, and New York and Washington D.C. reached it even later.

30. Hyphae are :

Hyphae are :

produced by yeast.
thin threads formed by many fungi.
reproductive cells.
responsible for preventing the cell from losing water in wet conditions.
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Hyphae are thin threads formed by many fungi.
Hyphae are the fundamental structural units of most multicellular fungi. They are long, branching filamentous structures that make up the body of the fungus, known as the mycelium. They are responsible for nutrient absorption and growth.
Yeast are typically single-celled and do not form true hyphae, although some can form pseudohyphae under certain conditions. Reproductive structures in fungi are often formed from modified hyphae but hyphae themselves are primarily vegetative structures. Fungi cell walls (made of chitin) contribute to structural integrity but hyphae are not specifically responsible for preventing water loss in wet conditions.
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