UPSC CDS-1

21. According to B. R. Ambedkar, which one among the following Articles is

According to B. R. Ambedkar, which one among the following Articles is the ‘heart and soul’ of the Constitution of India?

[amp_mcq option1=”Article 15″ option2=”Article 21″ option3=”Article 23″ option4=”Article 32″ correct=”option4″]

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According to B. R. Ambedkar, Article 32 is the ‘heart and soul’ of the Constitution of India.
Article 32 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to constitutional remedies, providing citizens with the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. Dr. Ambedkar considered this article the most important as it makes other fundamental rights justiciable and effective.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Article 21 guarantees protection of life and personal liberty. Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour. While all are fundamental rights, Article 32 is seen as the enforcer of these rights.

22. Which one among the following is not under the jurisdiction of the Pro

Which one among the following is not under the jurisdiction of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993?

[amp_mcq option1=”The National Human Rights Commission” option2=”The State Human Rights Commission” option3=”The Human Rights Courts” option4=”The Human Rights Council” correct=”option4″]

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The Human Rights Council is not under the jurisdiction of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, is an Act of the Indian Parliament that provides for the constitution of a National Human Rights Commission, State Human Rights Commissions, and Human Rights Courts for better protection of human rights.
The Human Rights Council (HRC) is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the world. It is an international body, not established or governed by India’s domestic human rights legislation.

23. Who propounded Kashmir Shaivism?

Who propounded Kashmir Shaivism?

[amp_mcq option1=”Vasugupta” option2=”Abhinavagupta” option3=”Ramakantha” option4=”Ranganathacharya” correct=”option1″]

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Vasugupta propounded Kashmir Shaivism.
Vasugupta is traditionally considered the founder of the Spanda school of Kashmir Shaivism and is credited with receiving and compiling the Shiva Sutras, a foundational text of the tradition. Abhinavagupta was a later, but highly influential, philosopher who systematized the various schools of Kashmir Shaivism.
Kashmir Shaivism is a monistic idealist tradition that originated in the Kashmir Valley. Key figures include Vasugupta (credited with Shiva Sutras), Somananda, Utpaladeva, and Abhinavagupta (author of Tantraloka, a comprehensive treatise).

24. Which of the following statements about Virashaivism is/are correct?

Which of the following statements about Virashaivism is/are correct?

  • 1. The Virashaivism traces its origin to the five great religious teachers-Renuka, Daruka, Ghantakarna, Dhenukarna and Vishvakarna.
  • 2. The Virashaiva philosophy is called Shaktivishishtadvaita-the non-duality of God.
  • 3. Ashtavarana are the eight rules of the Virashaivism to be observed by the followers.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2 only” option2=”1, 2 and 3″ option3=”1 and 3 only” option4=”3 only” correct=”option2″]

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All three statements are correct.
Virashaivism, also known as Lingayatism, traces its origin to five traditional acharyas, including Renuka and Daruka. Its philosophy is termed Shaktivishishtadvaita, representing a qualified non-duality relating the soul, God (Shiva), and divine energy (Shakti). Ashtavarana are the eight vital observances or protections that guide the spiritual life of a Virashaiva devotee.
Ashtavarana include Gurulingajangama (devotion to guru, linga, and jangama – the moving manifestation of God), Padodaka (drinking the water used to wash the Guru’s feet), Prasad (partaking of offerings), Vibhuti (smearing sacred ash), Rudraksha (wearing rudraksha beads), Mantra (chanting the five-syllable mantra Om Namah Shivaya), and Shivarpanam (dedicating all actions to Shiva).

25. How many of the following statements regarding medicine and related pr

How many of the following statements regarding medicine and related practices in medieval India is/are correct?

  • 1. Indian medicine of the Graeco-Arabic tradition (Tibb-i-Yunani) was almost identical in its practice with contemporary Persian medicine.
  • 2. Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of blood was explained to a scholarly noble by European traveller Francois Bernier.
  • 3. The practice of smallpox inoculation was described in contemporary Yunani and Ayurvedic texts.

Select the correct answer.

[amp_mcq option1=”1″ option2=”2″ option3=”3″ option4=”None” correct=”option2″]

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Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Tibb-i-Yunani was a systematized medical tradition originating from Greek medicine that flourished in the Islamic world and was widely adopted in medieval India, sharing fundamental principles and practices with contemporary Persian medicine. European traveller Francois Bernier, a physician, is known to have discussed Western scientific discoveries, including Harvey’s work on circulation, with Indian scholars and nobles during his time in the Mughal Empire.
Statement 3 is incorrect. While the practice of smallpox inoculation (variolation) existed in India, particularly as a folk tradition, its detailed description in contemporary major Yunani or Ayurvedic texts is not widely established. Historical accounts of the practice primarily come from observations by Europeans in the 18th century describing local methods.

26. How many of the following statements about Bhakti poet Namdev is/are c

How many of the following statements about Bhakti poet Namdev is/are correct?

  • 1. He seems to have played a part in transmitting the southern Bhakti to northern India.
  • 2. He was a rigorous monotheist and opposed caste distinctions.
  • 3. He was a devout follower of Kabir.

Select the correct answer.

[amp_mcq option1=”1″ option2=”2″ option3=”3″ option4=”None” correct=”option2″]

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Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Bhakti saint Namdev was a key figure in the Varkari tradition of Maharashtra and played a role in extending the Bhakti movement’s influence northwards, particularly evident in the inclusion of his hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib. He was a staunch monotheist and opposed caste distinctions.
Statement 3 is incorrect. While Namdev and Kabir were contemporary Bhakti saints and respected figures, Namdev was not a follower of Kabir. They belonged to different traditions within the broader Bhakti movement, although their teachings shared some common themes like monotheism and anti-casteism.

27. The royal portraits of Simhavishnu and Mahendravarman are found in whi

The royal portraits of Simhavishnu and Mahendravarman are found in which cave temple at Mamallapuram?

[amp_mcq option1=”Varaha Cave” option2=”Ramanuja Cave” option3=”Adivaraha Cave” option4=”Trimurti Cave” correct=”option3″]

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The correct answer is Adivaraha Cave.
The Adivaraha Cave Temple at Mamallapuram is notable for containing sculpted portraits of the Pallava kings Simhavishnu (c. 575-600 AD) and his son Mahendravarman I (c. 600-630 AD), along with their consorts. These portraits are considered important historical depictions of the royal family.
Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site famous for its 7th and 8th-century religious monuments built by the Pallava dynasty. The Adivaraha Cave Temple, a rock-cut shrine, also features magnificent sculptures of Hindu deities like Vishnu (in Varaha and Trivikrama forms), Durga, Lakshmi, and Gaja Lakshmi.

28. Who among the following was not a court poet of king Krishnadevaraya?

Who among the following was not a court poet of king Krishnadevaraya?

[amp_mcq option1=”Timmana” option2=”Dhurjati” option3=”Mallana” option4=”Siddheshvara” correct=”option4″]

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The correct answer is Siddheshvara.
King Krishnadevaraya’s court was famous for the ‘Ashtadiggajas’, eight eminent poets and scholars. Timmana (Nandi Thimmana), Dhurjati, and Mallana (Madayyagari Mallana) were all listed among these eight poets. Siddheshvara is not among the traditionally accepted list of Ashtadiggajas.
The Ashtadiggajas represented the pinnacle of Telugu literature during the reign of Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 AD), who himself was an accomplished scholar and writer. The other five Ashtadiggajas were Allasani Peddana, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu, Pingali Surana, Ramaraja Bhushana, and Tenali Ramakrishna.

29. Who among the following Chola kings encouraged the Sailendra ruler of

Who among the following Chola kings encouraged the Sailendra ruler of Sri Vijaya to build a Buddhist Vihara in Negapatnam?

[amp_mcq option1=”Parantaka I” option2=”Rajaraja I” option3=”Rajendra I” option4=”Kulottunga I” correct=”option2″]

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The correct answer is Rajaraja I.
During the reign of Rajaraja I (985-1014 AD), the Sailendra ruler of Sri Vijaya, Mara Vijayatunggavarman, built a Buddhist monastery (Vihara) named Chudamani Vihara at Negapatnam (Nagapattinam) in Tamil Nadu. Rajaraja I patronized this initiative by granting the village of Anaimangalam for the maintenance of the Vihara.
This act reflects the cordial relations between the Chola and Sailendra kingdoms during this period, despite later conflicts involving Rajendra I and Sri Vijaya.

30. Consider the following statements about Rana Kumbha of Mewar : 1. He

Consider the following statements about Rana Kumbha of Mewar :

  • 1. He wrote a commentary on Jayadeva’s Gitagovinda.
  • 2. He wrote four dramas in which he is said to have made use of four provincial languages.
  • 3. He erected Kirtistambha in Chitor in commemoration of his victory over Gujarat.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”1, 2 and 3″ option2=”2 and 3 only” option3=”1 and 2 only” option4=”3 only” correct=”option3″]

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Statements 1, 2 and 3 are all correct.
Rana Kumbha was not only a great warrior but also a scholar and patron of arts. He wrote extensively on music and is credited with a commentary on Jayadeva’s Gitagovinda (Rasika Priya). He also composed dramatic works and is known to have used provincial languages (dialects) in them. The Vijay Stambh (Victory Tower), also known as Kirtistambha, in Chittorgarh Fort was built by him to commemorate his victory over the Sultan of Malwa, Mahmud Khilji I, in 1448.
Rana Kumbha’s reign (1433-1468 AD) is considered a golden age for Mewar, marked by significant military successes, extensive construction (including numerous forts), and flourishing artistic and literary activity.
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