UPSC CDS-1

21. Who among the following was popularly known as ‘Lokahitwadi’ ?

Who among the following was popularly known as ‘Lokahitwadi’ ?

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Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Jyotiba Phule
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Gopal Hari Deshmukh (1823–1892) was a social reformer, journalist, and judge from Maharashtra. He was popularly known by the pseudonym ‘Lokahitwadi’ because he wrote articles on social reforms in the weekly newspaper ‘Prabhakar’ under this pen name, advocating for social justice and reform.
– ‘Lokahitwadi’ translates to ‘well-wisher of the people’.
– He was a prominent figure in the 19th-century social reform movement in India.
Mahadev Govind Ranade was a social reformer and one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a key leader in the Indian independence movement. Jyotiba Phule was a pioneering social reformer and anti-caste activist in Maharashtra.

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22. Alluvial soils vary in nature from sandy loam to clay. They are

Alluvial soils vary in nature from sandy loam to clay. They are generally

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poor in potash and rich in phosphorus.
poor in both potash and phosphorus.
rich in both potash and phosphorus.
rich in potash and poor in phosphorus.
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Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of silt, sand, and clay by rivers. They are generally fertile but tend to be rich in potash and lime, while being poor in phosphorus and nitrogen. The statement “rich in potash and poor in phosphorus” accurately describes a common characteristic of these soils.
– Alluvial soils are widespread in river valleys and deltaic regions.
– Their texture varies from sandy loam to clay.
The deficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus in alluvial soils often necessitates the use of fertilizers for optimal crop production, particularly for intensive agriculture practiced in these fertile plains. The presence of adequate potash and lime contributes to their overall fertility.

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23. Which one of the following statements about primary waves of earthquak

Which one of the following statements about primary waves of earthquakes is not correct ?

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They are similar to sound waves.
They can travel only through solid materials.
They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials.
They move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface.
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Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves and are the fastest type of seismic wave. They can travel through all states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Statement B claims they can travel *only* through solid materials, which is incorrect as they also pass through liquids and gases.
– Earthquake waves are mainly of two types: Body waves (P and S waves) and Surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves).
– P-waves are primary waves, S-waves are secondary waves.
P-waves are similar to sound waves (longitudinal waves). S-waves (shear waves) can only travel through solid materials because they involve particle motion perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, which is not supported in fluids (liquids and gases). P-waves arrive first at a seismic station because they are faster than S-waves and surface waves.

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24. Ozone layer, which absorbs the ultra-violet radiation, is found in whi

Ozone layer, which absorbs the ultra-violet radiation, is found in which one of the following layers of the atmosphere ?

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Ionosphere
Troposphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
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The ozone layer, which plays a crucial role in absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun, is primarily located in the stratosphere. This layer of the atmosphere is found above the troposphere and extends to about 50 kilometers above the Earth’s surface.
– The atmosphere is divided into several layers: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.
– Each layer has distinct characteristics regarding temperature profile and composition.
The troposphere is the lowest layer where most weather occurs. The mesosphere is above the stratosphere, and temperature decreases with height. The ionosphere is part of the thermosphere and upper mesosphere, characterized by ionized gases important for radio communication.

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25. Which one of the following is a type of igneous rock ?

Which one of the following is a type of igneous rock ?

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Marble
Halite
Granite
Shale
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Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Granite is a common type of intrusive igneous rock, meaning it formed from magma that cooled slowly beneath the Earth’s surface.
– Igneous rocks are one of the three main rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic).
– They are formed directly from the cooling of molten rock.
Marble is a metamorphic rock, formed from the metamorphosis of sedimentary carbonate rocks like limestone or dolostone. Halite (rock salt) is a mineral that forms sedimentary deposits, particularly evaporites. Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock.

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26. Identify the crop on the basis of the following characteristics : It

Identify the crop on the basis of the following characteristics :

  • It is a kharif crop.
  • Aus, Aman and Boro are its three different growing periods in an agricultural year.
  • About one-fourth of the total cropped area of India is under its cultivation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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Wheat
Rice
Pulses
Cotton
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The crop described by the given characteristics is Rice.
– The statement “It is a kharif crop” applies to Rice and Cotton. Wheat is a rabi crop. While pulses include both types, the subsequent characteristics point to a single major crop.
– The description of “Aus, Aman and Boro” as three different growing periods in an agricultural year is a specific characteristic of Rice cultivation, particularly prevalent in regions like West Bengal. Aman is the main rice crop grown during the monsoon (Kharif) season.
– The statement that “About one-fourth of the total cropped area of India is under its cultivation” also strongly points to Rice, which occupies the largest area under cultivation among all crops in India (approximately 23-24% of the Gross Cropped Area).
Wheat is primarily a rabi crop, grown in about 15% of the cropped area. Cotton is a kharif crop but grown in a much smaller area than rice (around 6-7%). Pulses are grown in about 15-20% area but are not a single crop, and the “Aus, Aman, Boro” description is unique to rice.

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27. Which one among the following was eliminated by the 44th Amendment Act

Which one among the following was eliminated by the 44th Amendment Act of the Parliament ?

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Right against Exploitation
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Right to Property
Right to Education
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The Right to Property was eliminated from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act of the Parliament.
– The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 repealed Articles 19(1)(f) and 31, which guaranteed the Right to Acquire, Hold and Dispose of Property and Right to Property, respectively, as Fundamental Rights.
– Instead, the Act inserted Article 300A in Part XII of the Constitution, which states that “No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.” This made the Right to Property a legal right, not a Fundamental Right.
The other rights mentioned: Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24) and Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) remain Fundamental Rights. The Right to Education (Article 21A) was added as a Fundamental Right much later by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002. The removal of the Right to Property as a Fundamental Right was a significant constitutional change, primarily aimed at facilitating land reforms and social welfare legislation without excessive judicial challenge on the grounds of violating a fundamental right.

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28. Which one among the following motions cannot be made while introducing

Which one among the following motions cannot be made while introducing an ordinary Bill in the Parliament ?

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That the Bill be taken into consideration
That the Bill be circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion
That the Bill be referred to a Select Committee
That the Bill be referred to a Joint Committee of the House without the concurrence of the other House
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The motion “That the Bill be referred to a Joint Committee of the House without the concurrence of the other House” cannot be made while introducing an ordinary Bill in the Parliament.
– After a Bill is introduced, the member in charge can move one of several motions: to take it into consideration, to refer it to a Select Committee of that House, to refer it to a Joint Committee of both Houses, or to circulate it for public opinion.
– Referring a Bill to a Select Committee (C) is a motion confined to the House where the Bill is being considered.
– Referring a Bill to a Joint Committee (D) involves members from *both* Houses. This requires the approval (concurrence) of the other House. Therefore, a motion to refer a Bill to a Joint Committee cannot be made unilaterally “without the concurrence of the other House”.
– Taking the Bill into consideration (A) and circulating it for public opinion (B) are standard motions possible after introduction.
If the motion is to refer the Bill to a Joint Committee, the House where the motion is moved passes a resolution recommending to the other House that the Bill be referred to a Joint Committee and naming the members from its own House to serve on the committee. The other House then has to concur with this recommendation and appoint its own members to the Joint Committee.

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29. Article 231 of the Constitution of India grants power to establish a c

Article 231 of the Constitution of India grants power to establish a common High Court for two or more states to

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the Parliament.
the Supreme Court.
the President of India.
the Union Cabinet.
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Article 231 of the Constitution of India grants the power to establish a common High Court for two or more states to the Parliament.
– Article 231 (1) states: “Notwithstanding anything in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union territory.”
– This power is explicitly vested in the Parliament of India.
Examples of common High Courts include the High Court of Punjab and Haryana (for Punjab, Haryana, and Chandigarh), and the Gauhati High Court (which earlier had jurisdiction over several northeastern states, some of which now have their own High Courts, but still covers Assam and Nagaland with benches in other states).

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30. Which one of the following is not an objective of NITI Aayog?

Which one of the following is not an objective of NITI Aayog?

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It provides a critical direction and strategic input for development process.
It functions as a ‘think tank’ in providing key elements of policy.
It monitors and evaluates the implementation of the programmes.
It offers a platform for resolution of inter-state conflicts as ‘provider of first and last resort’.
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NITI Aayog does not offer a platform for the resolution of inter-state conflicts as a ‘provider of first and last resort’.
– NITI Aayog serves as a ‘think tank’ (B), providing policy inputs and strategic direction (A) for development.
– It also monitors and evaluates the implementation of government programmes (C).
– NITI Aayog promotes cooperative federalism by providing a platform for states to interact and share best practices, but it is not a judicial or quasi-judicial body for resolving inter-state disputes definitively.
Resolution of inter-state conflicts, especially legal disputes, falls within the purview of the judiciary (e.g., Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction under Article 131 for disputes between states or between the Union and states) or specialized bodies like the Inter-State Council (Article 263) or tribunals established for specific issues like water disputes. NITI Aayog’s role is primarily advisory, catalytic, and facilitative, not dispute resolution as a final authority.

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