UPSC CAPF

31. Why was the Sittar poetry of Tayayumanavar famous ?

Why was the Sittar poetry of Tayayumanavar famous ?

[amp_mcq option1=”The writings were nationalist compositions” option2=”The writings were romantic epics” option3=”The writings were devotional songs” option4=”The writings were protests against the caste system” correct=”option3″]

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The correct answer is C) The writings were devotional songs. Tayayumanavar was a prominent Tamil spiritual philosopher and poet whose works are primarily celebrated for their devotional and philosophical depth, focusing on the nature of God and the path to spiritual liberation.
– Tayayumanavar (1705-1742) is considered one of the important figures in the Tamil Siddhar tradition.
– His poems are deeply philosophical and devotional, expressing the Advaita Vedanta philosophy mixed with Saiva Siddhanta.
– His works are widely read and sung as devotional hymns, emphasizing universalism and inner spiritual experience.
While the Siddhar tradition often involved critiques of societal norms including caste from a spiritual perspective, Tayayumanavar’s primary fame and the defining characteristic of his poetry are their devotional and philosophical nature, aimed at guiding seekers towards spiritual truth.

32. Arrange the establishment of the following in a chronological order (s

Arrange the establishment of the following in a chronological order (starting with the earliest) :

  • 1. The East India Association
  • 2. The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
  • 3. The Madras Mahajan Sabha
  • 4. The Bombay Presidency Association

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

[amp_mcq option1=”1, 2, 3, 4″ option2=”1, 3, 2, 4″ option3=”2, 3, 4, 1″ option4=”3, 2, 1, 4″ correct=”option1″]

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The correct answer is A) 1, 2, 3, 4. The chronological order of the establishment of these organizations is: East India Association (1866), Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870), Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884), and Bombay Presidency Association (1885).
– The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London in 1866. Its objective was to discuss the Indian question and influence British public opinion.
– The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded in 1870 in Pune to represent the grievances of the people of the Deccan region to the government.
– The Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded in 1884 by M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu in Madras.
– The Bombay Presidency Association was founded in 1885 by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, and K.T. Telang in Bombay, shortly before the Indian National Congress.
These associations were important precursors to the Indian National Congress (founded in 1885) and played a crucial role in fostering political consciousness and organizing nationalist activities at the regional level before the emergence of a national body.

33. Why was Vasudeo Balwant Phadke known in history ?

Why was Vasudeo Balwant Phadke known in history ?

[amp_mcq option1=”He led a violent struggle against the British during the revolt of 1857″ option2=”He was a critic of Gandhian struggle” option3=”He led an armed uprising against the British in the 1870s” option4=”He was a radical leader of the Indian National Congress” correct=”option3″]

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The correct answer is C) He led an armed uprising against the British in the 1870s. Vasudeo Balwant Phadke was an Indian revolutionary who organized an armed rebellion against the British in the Bombay Presidency during the famine of 1876-77.
– Vasudeo Balwant Phadke (1845-1883) was a revolutionary from Maharashtra.
– He organized the Ramoshi peasant community into a rebel group due to the severe distress caused by famines and the indifference of the British government.
– He aimed to overthrow British rule through armed struggle. His rebellion in the 1870s was an early instance of organized armed resistance after the 1857 revolt.
Phadke’s efforts are considered a precursor to later revolutionary activities in India. He is often referred to as the ‘Father of the Indian Armed Rebellion’. He was eventually captured, tried, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Aden, where he died.

34. Why did the early nationalists oppose the Council Act of 1892 ?

Why did the early nationalists oppose the Council Act of 1892 ?

[amp_mcq option1=”The number of members of the Imperial Legislative Council was increased” option2=”The number of members of Provincial Councils was increased” option3=”The Councils were given the right to discuss the annual budgets” option4=”The Act did not give the Indians control over the public funds” correct=”option4″]

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The correct answer is D) The Act did not give the Indians control over the public funds. Early nationalists opposed the Indian Councils Act of 1892 because, despite some concessions like increasing members and allowing budget discussion, it did not grant real power or control over financial matters to the elected Indian members.
– The Indian Councils Act of 1892 increased the number of additional members in the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils.
– It introduced the principle of representation, albeit through indirect elections for a section of members.
– It granted the members the right to discuss the annual budget (though not to vote on it or move resolutions on it) and to ask questions on matters of public interest.
– Early nationalists criticized the Act as inadequate because it did not give Indians effective control over legislative or financial matters, the majority of members remained official nominees, and the system of ‘election’ was indirect and limited.
The opposition stemmed from the nationalist demand for greater Indian participation and control in the administration and finances of the country. The Act of 1892 was seen as a grudging concession rather than a significant step towards self-governance or representative government with real power.

35. Which of the following statements about Prarthana Samaj are correct ?

Which of the following statements about Prarthana Samaj are correct ?

  • 1. Its aim was to reform the Hindu society
  • 2. It was based in Maharashtra
  • 3. It believed in monotheism
  • 4. It had greatly influenced the Brahmo Samaj

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2 only” option2=”2 and 3 only” option3=”1, 2 and 3″ option4=”1 and 4″ correct=”option3″]

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The correct answer is C) 1, 2 and 3. The Prarthana Samaj was founded with the aim to reform Hindu society, it was based in Maharashtra (Bombay), and it believed in monotheism. Statement 4 is incorrect as the Brahmo Samaj predated and influenced the Prarthana Samaj, not the other way around.
– The Prarthana Samaj was established in 1867 in Bombay (now Mumbai) by Dadoba Pandurang and his brother Atmaram Pandurang.
– Prominent leaders later associated with it included M.G. Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar, and N.G. Chandavarkar.
– Its main aims were social and religious reforms within Hinduism, such as opposition to caste system, advocacy for widow remarriage and female education, and promotion of monotheistic worship.
– It was inspired by the Brahmo Samaj but focused more on social reform in Western India.
The Prarthana Samaj played a significant role in the socio-religious reform movements in Western India during the 19th century. While it was influenced by the intellectual and spiritual ideas of the Brahmo Samaj, it maintained its distinct identity and focus on practical social reforms.

36. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct in respect of the ‘

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct in respect of the ‘ecoradicals’ ?

  • 1. They believe that human societies on earth are moving dangerously closer to the limits of the earth’s carrying capacity
  • 2. They call for strict population control
  • 3. They stress for less consumption-oriented and waste-producing way of life

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

[amp_mcq option1=”1 only” option2=”2 only” option3=”1, 2 and 3″ option4=”2 and 3 only” correct=”option3″]

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All three statements accurately reflect perspectives commonly associated with ecoradicals or radical environmentalists.
Ecoradicalism often involves a fundamental critique of industrial society, capitalism, and anthropocentrism (human-centeredness), arguing for drastic changes to address ecological crises. Beliefs often include: (1) The idea that human activities are exceeding ecological limits and threatening the planet’s carrying capacity; (2) Concerns about overpopulation as a major driver of environmental degradation, leading some to advocate for population control measures; and (3) A strong emphasis on reducing consumption and waste, promoting simpler, more sustainable lifestyles, and challenging consumer culture.
While the intensity and specific policy prescriptions may vary among individuals identifying as ecoradicals, the core concerns outlined in the statements are central to this school of thought. They differ from more mainstream environmentalism by often advocating for more fundamental societal changes and sometimes employing direct action.

37. Which one of the following authorities CANNOT organize ‘Lok Adalats’ ?

Which one of the following authorities CANNOT organize ‘Lok Adalats’ ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Panchayat Committees” option2=”Taluk Legal Services Committee” option3=”District Authority” option4=”High Court Legal Services Committee” correct=”option1″]

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Panchayat Committees are not empowered by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, to organize Lok Adalats.
The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 is the statutory basis for Lok Adalats. Section 19 of the Act lists the authorities that can organize Lok Adalats: the State Authority, the District Authority, the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, the High Court Legal Services Committee, or the Taluk Legal Services Committee.
Taluk Legal Services Committees (B), District Authorities (C), and High Court Legal Services Committees (D) are all specifically mentioned in the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, as bodies competent to organize Lok Adalats. While Panchayats play a role in local self-governance and dispute resolution mechanisms, they are not designated authorities under this particular Act for organizing formal Lok Adalats as defined by the statute.

38. “To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national str

“To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national struggle for freedom” is a provision of which one of the following of the Constitu-tion of India ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Directive principles of the state policy” option2=”Fundamental duties” option3=”Fundamental rights” option4=”Preamble” correct=”option2″]

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The phrase “To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom” is explicitly listed as one of the Fundamental Duties of every citizen of India.
This duty is found under Article 51A(b) of the Constitution, which is part of Part IVA dealing with Fundamental Duties. This part was added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
The Preamble outlines the objectives of the Constitution but does not list individual duties. Fundamental Rights (Part III) guarantee certain rights to citizens and persons. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) are guidelines for the state in formulating policies, not duties of individual citizens.

39. Which one of the following does NOT fall under the definition of the M

Which one of the following does NOT fall under the definition of the Money Bill ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Amendment of law with respect to any financial obligations under-taken by the Government of India” option2=”The payment of money into the Consolidated Fund of India” option3=”Any financial bill as per require-ments of Article 117″ option4=”Appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India” correct=”option3″]

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Option C, “Any financial bill as per requirements of Article 117,” does not fall under the definition of a Money Bill. Money Bills are specifically defined by Article 110 of the Constitution. Financial Bills under Article 117 are a broader category, some of which may contain provisions of Money Bills but also other matters, or deal with expenditure from the Consolidated Fund without necessarily covering the matters exclusively listed in Article 110.
Article 110 of the Constitution lists the specific matters that constitute a Money Bill, including imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax; regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government; custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund; the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund; the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund; the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund; the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund or the public account or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State; or any matter incidental to any of these matters. Article 117 deals with Financial Bills generally, dividing them into two types (Article 117(1) and Article 117(3)), which are distinct from Money Bills defined solely by Article 110.
Options A, B, and D are all matters explicitly covered under the definition of a Money Bill according to Article 110. Amendment of law regarding financial obligations (A) falls under regulating borrowing or matters incidental thereto. Payment of money into (B) and appropriation of money out of (D) the Consolidated Fund are also directly mentioned in Article 110. Therefore, a financial bill that includes matters *not* exclusively listed in Article 110, or a bill dealing with expenditure under Article 117(3) without covering any Article 110 matters, would be a Financial Bill but not a Money Bill by definition.

40. Which one among the following is NOT the central feature of Polyarchy

Which one among the following is NOT the central feature of Polyarchy ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Government is in the hands of elected officials” option2=”Right to run for office is restricted” option3=”Practically all adults have the right to vote” option4=”There is free expression and a right to criticize and protest” correct=”option2″]

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Option B is not a central feature of Polyarchy; instead, a core characteristic of Polyarchy is the right of virtually all adults to run for public office (subject to minimal qualifications).
Polyarchy, as conceptualized by political scientist Robert Dahl, is a type of government that falls between a closed hegemony and a full democracy. Its central features are high levels of both public contestation and the right to participate. These include: (1) Elected officials, (2) Free and fair elections, (3) Inclusive suffrage (right to vote for practically all adults), (4) Right to run for office (for practically all adults), (5) Freedom of expression, (6) Availability of alternative information, and (7) Freedom of association.
Options A, C, and D represent key dimensions of Polyarchy: A) elected officials ensure responsiveness to the electorate; C) inclusive suffrage broadens participation; D) freedom of expression and protest allows for public contestation and critique of the government. A system where the right to run for office is significantly restricted would limit contestation and participation, thus not being a characteristic of Polyarchy.
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