UPSC NDA-2

41. Which one of the following is an example of both an igneous as well as

Which one of the following is an example of both an igneous as well as a metamorphic rock ?

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Gabbro
Geyserite
Gneissoid
Granite
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Gneissoid texture is characteristic of Gneiss, which is a metamorphic rock often formed from igneous rocks (like granite) or sedimentary rocks. While Gneiss is the metamorphic rock, the term ‘Gneissoid’ refers to the banded texture found in such rocks, highlighting its metamorphic nature and potential igneous (or sedimentary) parentage. Among the options, Gneissoid is the best fit to represent a rock type that bridges both categories.
– Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava (e.g., Granite, Gabbro).
– Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) that are subjected to high heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids, causing changes in their mineralogy, texture, or chemical composition (e.g., Gneiss, Marble, Slate).
– Gneiss is a high-grade metamorphic rock characterized by distinct banding (gneissoid texture) formed by the segregation of different minerals. It can be derived from various parent rocks, including igneous rocks like granite (forming granitic gneiss) or sedimentary rocks like shale.
– Gabbro is an igneous rock. Geyserite is a form of opal or chalcedony deposited by hot springs or geysers (often considered a chemical sedimentary deposit or mineraloid). Granite is an igneous rock.
– Gneissoid specifically describes the texture of Gneiss, a metamorphic rock that frequently originates from igneous precursors like granite, thus representing a link between the two rock types.
The transformation of granite into gneiss is a common metamorphic pathway. Regional metamorphism, associated with mountain building, is a primary process by which rocks like granite are transformed into gneiss under conditions of high temperature and pressure.

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42. Consider the following facts of the rivers of the Indus system : 1.

Consider the following facts of the rivers of the Indus system :

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  • 1. The Satluj originates in Tibet where it is known as Langchen Khambab
  • 2. The Satluj is a classic example of an antecedent river
  • 3. The Jhelum is the largest tributary of the Indus System

Select the answer using the code below :

2 only
3 only
1 and 2
2 and 3
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Statements 1 and 2 are correct regarding the Satluj river, while statement 3 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 2 only.
– Statement 1 is correct: The Satluj (Sutlej) river originates near Rakas Lake in Tibet, close to Mansarovar Lake, where it is known as Langchen Khambab (meaning “Elephant’s Mouth”).
– Statement 2 is correct: The Satluj river is a classic example of an antecedent river because it maintained its course and cut deep gorges through the Himalayas as they were uplifting.
– Statement 3 is incorrect: The Jhelum is an important tributary of the Indus, but it is not considered the largest. The largest tributary in terms of discharge is often considered the Chenab, while the Satluj is the longest tributary.
The Indus river system comprises the main Indus river and its major tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj. These rivers originate in the Himalayas and flow through India and Pakistan before joining the Arabian Sea. Antecedent rivers are older than the landform they cut through.

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43. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

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List I
(Tropical Cyclone)		List II
(Country)
A. Hurricanes1. China
B. Willy Willy2. Philippines
C. Baguio3. Australia
D. Typhoons4. USA
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
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The correct matching of the tropical cyclone names with the regions/countries where they are commonly known by that name is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1, which corresponds to Option A.
– Tropical cyclones are known by different names in different parts of the world.
– Hurricanes are tropical cyclones occurring in the Atlantic Ocean and the northeastern Pacific Ocean, affecting countries like the USA and those in the Caribbean.
– Willy Willy is an informal term for tropical cyclones off the northwest coast of Australia.
– Baguio is a local name for tropical cyclones in the Philippines.
– Typhoons are tropical cyclones occurring in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, affecting countries in East Asia like China, Japan, and the Philippines.
All these terms refer to the same weather phenomenon: a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. The threshold for being classified as a hurricane, typhoon, or severe cyclonic storm (in the Indian Ocean) is generally sustained winds of at least 74 mph (119 km/h).

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44. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

List I
(Hydroelectric Power Plant)		List II
(State)
A. Doyang1. Arunachal Pradesh
B. Gomuti2. Assam
C. Kapili3. Tripura
D. Ranganadi4. Nagaland

Code :

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4 3 2 1
4 2 3 1
1 2 3 4
1 3 2 4
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The correct matching of the hydroelectric power plants with their respective states is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1, which corresponds to Option A.
– Doyang Hydroelectric Plant is located in Nagaland (on the Doyang river).
– Gomuti Hydroelectric Plant is located in Tripura (on the Gomuti river).
– Kapili Hydroelectric Plant is located in Assam (on the Kapili river, part of the Kopili Hydro Electric Project).
– Ranganadi Hydroelectric Plant is located in Arunachal Pradesh (on the Ranganadi river).
These power projects are significant sources of electricity in India’s North Eastern region. They are examples of river valley projects contributing to power generation and sometimes irrigation and flood control in the area.

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45. Which one among the following statements with reference to the black c

Which one among the following statements with reference to the black cotton soils of India is NOT correct ?

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The black cotton soils are also called 'Regur'
They are highly moisture retentive
They are rich in lime
These soils have less clay factor and hence can support a wide variety of crops and vegetables
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The statement “These soils have less clay factor and hence can support a wide variety of crops and vegetables” is NOT correct. Black cotton soils are characterized by a high clay content, which gives them their distinct properties.
– Black cotton soils, also known as Regur, are known for their high clay percentage (often >40-50%).
– The high clay content makes them highly moisture retentive.
– They are rich in minerals like lime, iron, magnesia, and alumina, but generally deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter.
– Due to the high clay content and moisture retention properties, they swell when wet and shrink/crack extensively when dry, making cultivation challenging, especially during the wet season.
– While suitable for crops like cotton, sugarcane, jowar, and groundnut, their characteristic properties limit the “wide variety of crops and vegetables” they can easily support compared to loamy soils.
The extensive cracking during the dry season helps in aeration, a process sometimes referred to as ‘self-ploughing’. These soils are predominantly found in the Deccan Trap region, covering parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

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46. Maize was introduced into India via

Maize was introduced into India via

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America and England
Africa and Spain
France and Russia
Portugal and Italy
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The correct answer is D) Portugal and Italy.
Maize (corn) is indigenous to the Americas. It was introduced to the rest of the world, including India, following the Columbian Exchange. European trading powers, particularly the Portuguese, were instrumental in bringing new crops from the Americas to Asia.
Maize was cultivated in the Americas for thousands of years before being introduced to the Old World after Columbus’s voyages. Portuguese traders and colonizers established routes to India in the early 16th century and were active in the global exchange of plants and animals. While maize spread through various routes, the Portuguese maritime network facilitated its arrival in Asia, including India. Italy was also one of the earliest European countries to adopt maize cultivation after its introduction from the Americas, contributing to its spread within Europe and beyond through trade networks.

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47. Acharya Vinoba Bhave received the first donation of land under the Bho

Acharya Vinoba Bhave received the first donation of land under the Bhoodan Movement at

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Ramgarh
Garhwa
Hyderabad
Pochampally
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The correct answer is D) Pochampally.
The Bhoodan Movement, which aimed at persuading wealthy landowners to voluntarily donate land to the landless poor, was initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 in the village of Pochampally.
Acharya Vinoba Bhave started the Bhoodan (Land Gift) Movement on April 18, 1951, at Pochampally village in the Nalgonda district of Telangana (then part of Hyderabad State). The first land donation was made by a local landlord, Vedire Ramachandra Reddy. This event marked the beginning of a significant voluntary land reform movement in India.

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48. Inspired by the Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi, in Tamilnadu, C Rajagop

Inspired by the Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi, in Tamilnadu, C Rajagopalachari led a salt march from

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Tirunelveli to Nagercoil
Kanchipuram to Mahabalipuram
Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on Tanjore coast
Chennai to Vellore
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The correct answer is C) Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on Tanjore coast.
Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s Dandi March in 1930, C. Rajagopalachari organized a similar salt march in South India, specifically in Tamil Nadu. This march is known as the Vedaranyam Salt March.
The Vedaranyam Salt March, led by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji), took place in April 1930, starting from Trichinopoly (Tiruchirappalli) and ending at Vedaranyam on the Tanjore (Thanjavur) coast. The aim was to protest against the British salt tax by illegally manufacturing salt, mirroring Gandhi’s march to Dandi. This was a significant event in the Civil Disobedience Movement in South India.

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49. Consider the following statements about the Linguistic Reorganization

Consider the following statements about the Linguistic Reorganization of the States :

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  • 1. Gandhiji, in 1948, had argued for the reorganization of provinces on a linguistic basis
  • 2. The Constituent Assembly recommended it to be incorporated in the Constitution of India

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

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1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
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The correct answer is D) Neither 1 nor 2.
Both statements are incorrect regarding the historical facts surrounding the linguistic reorganization of states in India. Gandhiji’s stance in 1948, particularly after Partition, was marked by caution regarding linguistic reorganization of states, despite the Congress party’s earlier commitment to the principle for its own organizational structure. The Constituent Assembly also did not recommend incorporating linguistic reorganization into the Constitution as a mandate.
1. While the Indian National Congress, influenced by Gandhiji, had adopted the principle of linguistic provinces for its own administrative divisions much earlier (e.g., 1920), the stance of national leaders, including Nehru, Patel, and likely reflecting Gandhi’s concerns, immediately after independence (1947-48) was cautious due to the challenges of integrating princely states and dealing with the aftermath of Partition. The Dhar Commission (1948) and the JVP Committee (1948-49) both initially recommended against immediate linguistic reorganization on grounds of national unity and administrative efficiency. Therefore, stating that Gandhiji “argued for” it in 1948 as a policy for state reorganization is not accurate in the context of the prevailing official attitude and his own likely reservations post-Partition.
2. The Constituent Assembly debated the issue but did not include a specific recommendation for linguistic reorganization as a constitutional principle. The Constitution of India, as adopted in 1950, did not mandate states reorganization on linguistic lines. The authority for reorganizing states was vested in the Parliament (Article 3). The actual comprehensive linguistic reorganization of states was largely carried out based on the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) formed in 1953, leading to the States Reorganisation Act of 1956.

50. The first cotton mill in British India which began production in 1856

The first cotton mill in British India which began production in 1856 was set up by

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Ghanshyam Das Birla
Jamnalal Bajaj
Ambalal Sarabhai
C. N. Davar
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The correct answer is D) C. N. Davar.
The first successful cotton mill in India was the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Mill, established by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar in Bombay (now Mumbai).
C. N. Davar founded the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Mill in 1854, and it began production in 1856. This marked the beginning of the modern textile industry in India. The other options represent prominent figures in Indian industry, but they are associated with later periods or different ventures. Ghanshyam Das Birla, Jamnalal Bajaj, and Ambalal Sarabhai were leading industrialists during the Swadeshi movement and the early to mid-20th century.

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