UPSC NDA-2

31. What was Damin-i Koh in Rajmahal area ?

What was Damin-i Koh in Rajmahal area ?

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A large area of land demarcated and declared to be the land of the Santhals
The land of the Paharias cultivated exclusively for paddy
The British territory marked for their military camp
The land earmarked for locating settled agriculturists
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Damin-i Koh (literally, ‘skirt of the hills’) was an area in the Rajmahal hills of present-day Jharkhand that was demarcated by the British in the 1830s. It was specifically declared as the land of the Santhals, who were encouraged to settle there, clear the forests, and practice settled agriculture in exchange for paying revenue.
Damin-i Koh was an administrative measure by the British East India Company to expand settled agriculture and revenue collection, primarily by settling Santhals in the Rajmahal hills.
This policy led to the displacement of the Paharias, the original inhabitants of the hills, and also brought the Santhals under the exploitation of moneylenders and zamindars who entered the area. These factors were major causes of the Santhal rebellion (Hul) in 1855-56.

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32. What was the consequence of Permanent Settlement on rural society in B

What was the consequence of Permanent Settlement on rural society in Bengal ?

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The zamindars invested capital and enterprise to improve agriculture along lines of British yeoman farmers
A group of rich peasants known as jotedars succeeded in consolidating their position in the villages
The ryots prospered as a result of fixed revenue levy imposed on them
The system of Collectorate introduced by the Company for exercising supervisory control on zamindars failed to take off
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The Permanent Settlement (1793) fixed the land revenue in Bengal, granting proprietary rights to the zamindars. This system, however, often led to absenteeism among zamindars and the growth of intermediaries. A significant consequence was the rise in power and influence of a class of rich peasants and village headmen, known as jotedars, especially in North Bengal. Jotedars controlled large tracts of land, often subletting to poorer peasants, and wielded considerable authority in the villages, often challenging the zamindars’ power.
The Permanent Settlement significantly restructured land relations and social hierarchy in Bengal, leading to the emergence of new power centers like the jotedars.
Option A is incorrect as zamindars generally did not invest in agricultural improvement; their primary interest was revenue extraction. Option C is incorrect; ryots often suffered from high rents and eviction under the new system. Option D is incorrect; the Collectorate system became a powerful instrument of British administration for revenue collection and control.

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33. Which one of the following is a cold local wind ?

Which one of the following is a cold local wind ?

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Santa Ana
Chinook
Mistral
Loo
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Among the given options, the Mistral is a well-known cold local wind. It is a strong, cold, dry wind that blows from the north and northwest through the lower Rhône Valley in France towards the Mediterranean Sea, particularly during winter.
Local winds are specific to a particular region and are often named based on their characteristics or location. They can be hot or cold.
Santa Ana is a hot, dry wind in Southern California. Chinook is a warm, dry wind (a type of Foehn wind) that blows down the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in North America. Loo is a hot, dry wind that blows across the North Indian plains during the summer months. Other cold local winds include the Bora (Adriatic coast), Pampero (Argentina), and Blizzard (polar regions).

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34. Which one of the following is the natural vegetation of South east Chi

Which one of the following is the natural vegetation of South east China ?

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Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest
Tropical broadleaf evergreen forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Temperate evergreen forest
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South east China is located in a region characterized by a humid subtropical climate. This climate zone, with warm to hot, humid summers and mild winters with sufficient rainfall throughout the year, is ideal for the growth of broadleaf evergreen forests that thrive in subtropical conditions. Therefore, the natural vegetation is Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest.
Climate is the primary determinant of natural vegetation type. Humid subtropical climates support broadleaf evergreen forests.
Examples of vegetation found in this region include various species of oaks, laurels, magnolias, and camphors. While tropical evergreen forests require consistently high temperatures year-round, and temperate forests experience distinct cold winters and shedding of leaves (deciduous) or are evergreen in colder temperate zones (coniferous/some broadleaf), the climate of southeast China fits the subtropical category best.

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35. The duration of monsoon in India extends for an average period of

The duration of monsoon in India extends for an average period of

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80 - 140 days
100 - 120 days
90 - 130 days
100 - 140 days
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The duration of the monsoon season in India typically spans from early June to mid-September or October. This period translates to approximately 3.5 to 4.5 months. Converting this to days, it falls within the range of 100 to 140 days, depending on the region and year-to-year variation. Option D, 100 – 140 days, best represents this average duration.
The Indian monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings heavy rainfall across much of the country. Its arrival and withdrawal dates vary, leading to an average duration of several months.
The actual duration can vary regionally; for example, the monsoon might arrive in Kerala around June 1st and withdraw from northwest India by late September or early October. The retreat of the monsoon also marks the beginning of the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season in some parts of India.

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36. Which one of the following is NOT a current of Pacific Ocean ?

Which one of the following is NOT a current of Pacific Ocean ?

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Oyashio current
Alaska current
Agulhas current
California current
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The correct answer is C) Agulhas current.
The question asks which current is NOT a current of the Pacific Ocean. The Agulhas Current is a major ocean current located in the southwestern Indian Ocean.
Oyashio current, Alaska current, and California current are all significant currents found in the Pacific Ocean. The Oyashio is a cold current in the North Pacific, the Alaska current is a warm current also in the North Pacific, and the California current is a cold current in the North Pacific along the coast of North America. The Agulhas current flows down the east coast of Africa.

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37. For an area to be excluded from the drought-prone category, what perce

For an area to be excluded from the drought-prone category, what percentage of its gross cropped area should be under irrigation ?

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10 per cent or more
20 per cent or more
25 per cent or more
30 per cent or more
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The correct answer is D) 30 per cent or more.
According to the criteria used in India for classifying areas as drought-prone, a significant factor is the percentage of the gross cropped area under irrigation. An area is generally excluded from being considered drought-prone if 30% or more of its gross cropped area is under irrigation.
The definition and criteria for identifying drought-prone areas have evolved over time and have been used in programmes like the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme (DDP). These criteria often include factors like rainfall pattern, frequency of drought, and extent of irrigation coverage. The 30% irrigation threshold is a commonly cited figure for exclusion.

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38. Dry land farming in India is largely confined to areas with rainfall l

Dry land farming in India is largely confined to areas with rainfall less than

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100 cm
85 cm
80 cm
75 cm
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Dry land farming in India is typically defined as farming practiced in areas receiving annual rainfall less than 75 cm. These regions are prone to moisture stress, and cultivation relies heavily on the limited rainfall received during the monsoon season. Specific moisture conservation techniques and drought-tolerant crops are employed in such areas.
– Dry land farming focuses on cultivating crops in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is scarce and irrigation facilities are minimal or absent.
– The threshold of 75 cm annual rainfall is commonly used to delineate dry land farming areas in India.
– These areas constitute a significant portion of the cultivable land in India, particularly in states like Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
Areas with annual rainfall between 75 cm and 115 cm are often classified under “rainfed farming”, where moisture stress is less severe but supplementary irrigation may still be beneficial. Areas receiving more than 115 cm are generally considered “wet farming” regions, suitable for water-intensive crops.

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39. Land Revenue Records maintained in India have categorized land-use

Land Revenue Records maintained in India have categorized land-use into

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6 categories
9 categories
15 categories
21 categories
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According to the standard land use classification maintained in India by the Directorate of Economics & Statistics (DES), Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, land use is categorized into 9 categories. These are: 1. Forests, 2. Area under Non-agricultural Use, 3. Barren and Unculturable Land, 4. Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands, 5. Land Under Misc. Tree Crops etc. not included in Net Sown Area, 6. Culturable Waste-Land, 7. Fallow lands other than current fallows, 8. Current Fallows, 9. Net Sown Area.
– India’s official land use statistics are collected and maintained based on a specific classification system.
– This system divides the total geographical area into 9 distinct land use categories.
– These categories help in analyzing land utilization patterns and trends across the country.
This classification system has been in use for several decades and is based on the village-level land records maintained by revenue departments in states. The Net Sown Area represents the area cultivated within a given agricultural year. The total area under crops (Gross Cropped Area) is the Net Sown Area plus the area sown more than once in the same year.

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40. The United Nations Charter was signed by 51 original members of the Un

The United Nations Charter was signed by 51 original members of the United Nations in 1945 at the

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Hague Conference
London Conference
San Francisco Conference
Berlin Conference
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The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), also known as the San Francisco Conference, was held in San Francisco, California, from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Representatives from 50 countries signed the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it later and is considered one of the original 51 member states.
– The UN Charter is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, establishing its purposes, principles, structure, and functions.
– The signing took place at the conclusion of the San Francisco Conference in 1945.
– The 51 original members were the countries that participated in the San Francisco Conference or signed the Charter subsequently in 1945.
The UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council (China, France, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States) and a majority of the other signatories. October 24th is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

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