UPSC NDA-2

31. In which one of the following countries, the Mediterranean type of Bio

In which one of the following countries, the Mediterranean type of Biome is found ?

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Chile
Kenya
Argentina
Bolivia
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UPSC NDA-2 – 2016
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The Mediterranean type of biome, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, is found in several regions around the world. Of the options provided, Chile has a significant area experiencing this climate type and supporting the corresponding biome, particularly in its central region.
– Mediterranean biomes are typically located on the western coasts of continents between approximately 30° and 45° latitude.
– Major regions where this biome is found include the Mediterranean Basin, central Chile, California (USA), the Cape Region of South Africa, and southwestern and southern Australia.
– Kenya is primarily located in tropical climate zones.
– Argentina and Bolivia have diverse climates, but the Mediterranean biome is not characteristic of their main regions.
Vegetation in the Mediterranean biome is adapted to drought and fire, and often consists of evergreen shrubs and trees, such as chaparral in California or maquis in the Mediterranean Basin.

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32. Which one of the following pairs of a river and its tributary is not c

Which one of the following pairs of a river and its tributary is not correctly matched ?

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Godavari : Wainganga
Cauvery : Bhavani
Narmada : Amaravati
Krishna : Bhima
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The pair “Narmada : Amaravati” is not correctly matched. Amaravati is a tributary of the Tungabhadra river, which in turn is a major tributary of the Krishna river, not the Narmada river.
– Wainganga is a major tributary of the Godavari river.
– Bhavani is a major tributary of the Cauvery river.
– Bhima is a major tributary of the Krishna river.
– Amaravati is a tributary of the Tungabhadra, which joins the Krishna.
The Narmada River is one of the major west-flowing rivers of India. Its important tributaries include the Burhner, Halon, Heran, Banjar, Dudhi, Tawa, Ganjal, Barna, Kolar, Man, Uri, Hatni, and Orsang.

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33. ‘Sahel’ region of Sahara desert is asso ciated with

‘Sahel’ region of Sahara desert is asso ciated with

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core area of Sahara desert
southern moving edge of Sahara desert
northern fringe of Sahara desert bordering Mediterranean sea
another name of Sahara desert
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The ‘Sahel’ region of the Sahara desert is associated with the southern moving edge of the Sahara desert.
– The Sahel is a transitional zone in Africa located between the Sahara desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south.
– It stretches across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.
– The name ‘Sahel’ comes from the Arabic word ساحل (sāḥil), meaning ‘coast’ or ‘shore’, referring to the region as the southern ‘shore’ or edge of the vast Sahara desert.
– The Sahel experiences a semi-arid climate and is ecologically fragile, facing challenges like desertification, which involves the southward expansion of the Sahara into the Sahel region, hence it can be described as the ‘southern moving edge’.

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34. Statement I : Chartism was the political reform campaign for democrati

Statement I : Chartism was the political reform campaign for democratic rights which swept over Britain between 1838 and 1848.
Statement II : The trade union move ment declined by the 1830s as it failed to fulfil the aspirations of the working class.

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Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true
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Statement I: Chartism was the political reform campaign for democratic rights which swept over Britain between 1838 and 1848. (True)
Statement II: The trade union movement declined by the 1830s as it failed to fulfil the aspirations of the working class. (False)
Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
– Chartism was a significant working-class movement in Britain from 1838 to 1848, advocating for the People’s Charter, which demanded political reforms like universal male suffrage, secret ballot, and annual parliaments.
– The trade union movement faced challenges and setbacks in the early 19th century, including legal restrictions (like the Combination Acts until 1824/25) and failed general strikes (like the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834). However, it did not simply “decline” by the 1830s or entirely fail the working class; it continued in various forms and saw periods of growth and influence later in the century. Chartism itself emerged partly because existing political and economic structures, including the effectiveness of trade unions at that specific juncture, were deemed insufficient by many workers.
– While trade unions faced difficulties and periods of suppression, they continued to exist and organize, particularly in specific crafts and industries. The period saw complex interactions between nascent political movements like Chartism and ongoing efforts at workers’ organization through trade unions.
– Statement II’s assertion that the trade union movement “declined by the 1830s” and “failed to fulfil aspirations” is an oversimplification and historically inaccurate representation of the multifaceted and evolving nature of the trade union movement during that era.

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35. Statement I : The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the 15t

Statement I : The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the 15th century.
Statement II : From the 15th century onwards, artists were known individually by name, not as member of a group or a guild, in Roman society.

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Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true
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Statement I: The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the 15th century. (True)
Statement II: From the 15th century onwards, artists were known individually by name, not as member of a group or a guild, in Roman society. (True)
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
– Rome experienced a significant revival during the Renaissance period, particularly in the later 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by vast building programs, artistic patronage by the Papacy, and a flourishing of arts and letters.
– The Renaissance era marked a shift in the status of artists, who increasingly gained individual recognition for their work, moving away from the anonymity common in medieval guilds.
– Both statements are true historical facts related to the 15th century in Europe, particularly associated with the Renaissance.
– However, the change in the social status and recognition of artists (Statement II) was a *characteristic* of the Renaissance period and contributed to its cultural output, but it was not the *primary cause* or *explanation* for the overall spectacular revival of Rome as a city. The revival was driven by numerous factors including papal policy, economic factors, and a broader rediscovery of classical antiquity.

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36. Statement I : Too much salt content in diet could be one of the reason

Statement I : Too much salt content in diet could be one of the reasons for kidney failure.
Statement II : High salt may cause high blood pressure.

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Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true
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Statement I: Too much salt content in diet could be one of the reasons for kidney failure. (True)
Statement II: High salt may cause high blood pressure. (True)
Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
– High dietary salt intake is a major risk factor for hypertension (high blood pressure).
– High blood pressure is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and, eventually, kidney failure.
– Statement II describes the causal link between high salt intake and high blood pressure. Statement I indicates a possible consequence of high salt intake.
– Since high blood pressure caused by high salt is a significant contributor to kidney damage, Statement II provides the mechanism by which Statement I can be true. Therefore, Statement II correctly explains one way too much salt can lead to kidney failure.

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37. Statement I : The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperatur

Statement I : The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall.
Statement II : Laterite soils are the result of intense leaching process.

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Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true
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Statement I: The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall. (True)
Statement II: Laterite soils are the result of intense leaching process. (True)
Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
– Laterite soils are characteristic of tropical and subtropical regions that experience high temperatures and heavy rainfall.
– Under these conditions, intense leaching (removal of soluble substances by percolating water) occurs. Soluble silica is removed, while oxides of iron and aluminum are left behind, leading to the formation of lateritic soils.
– Statement II explains the *process* (intense leaching) that takes place under the *conditions* described in Statement I (high temperature and high rainfall) to form laterite soils. High temperature accelerates the decomposition of organic matter and minerals, and high rainfall facilitates the downward movement and removal of soluble components.
– Laterite soils are often poor in nutrients due to intense leaching and can harden irreversibly when exposed to air.

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38. Statement I : Ozone is a tri-atomic molecule of oxygen. Statement II :

Statement I : Ozone is a tri-atomic molecule of oxygen.
Statement II : Ozone is mainly concentrated in stratosphere.

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Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true
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Statement I: Ozone is a tri-atomic molecule of oxygen. (True)
Statement II: Ozone is mainly concentrated in stratosphere. (True)
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
– Ozone (O3) is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms. This is its chemical structure.
– The ozone layer, where most atmospheric ozone is found, is located primarily in the stratosphere, about 15-35 km above the Earth’s surface.
– Statement I describes the chemical composition of an ozone molecule. Statement II describes the primary location of ozone in the atmosphere.
– The location of ozone in the stratosphere is due to its formation process, which involves the photolysis of oxygen molecules (O2) by UV radiation, followed by the combination of resulting oxygen atoms with O2. This process is most efficient in the stratosphere. However, this does not explain *why* the molecule itself has three atoms. The fact that it is tri-atomic is inherent to its chemical form, not dependent on its location.

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39. The following 6 (Six) items consist of two statements, Statement I and

The following 6 (Six) items consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two statements carefully and select the correct answer using the code given below:
Code:

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  • (a) Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
  • (b) Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
  • (c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
  • (d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

51. Statement I : Variability of annual rain fall is very high in western part of Rajasthan.
Statement II : Average annual rainfall is extremely low in western Rajasthan.

Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true
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UPSC NDA-2 – 2016
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Statement I: Variability of annual rainfall is very high in western part of Rajasthan. (True)
Statement II: Average annual rainfall is extremely low in western Rajasthan. (True)
Both statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
– Western Rajasthan falls under the Thar Desert region, characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate.
– Rainfall in arid regions is typically low and highly erratic.
– Low average rainfall implies that even small deviations in precipitation from year to year result in a large percentage change, leading to high variability.
– Arid and semi-arid regions globally tend to exhibit high rainfall variability due to unstable weather patterns and dependence on infrequent, intense storm events.
– The low average rainfall is a primary reason for the high inter-annual variability; if the average is near zero, any positive rainfall amount represents infinite variability compared to the average, and small absolute changes are large relative changes.

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40. The 19th Federation Cup National Senior Athletic Championships (2015)

The 19th Federation Cup National Senior Athletic Championships (2015) was held in:

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Karnataka
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Kerala
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The 19th Federation Cup National Senior Athletic Championships (2015) was held in Karnataka. Specifically, it was held in Mangaluru.
– The Federation Cup is a major national athletics event in India.
– The 19th edition of the senior championship took place in 2015.
– Mangaluru hosted the event at the Mangala Stadium.
– The championship serves as a platform for Indian athletes to qualify for international events and improve their national rankings.

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