UPSC NDA-1

41. Directions : The following 05 (Five) items consist of two statements,

Directions : The following 05 (Five) items consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two statements carefully and select the answers to these items using the code given below :
Code :

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  • Both the Statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
  • Both the Statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
  • Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
  • Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

52.
Statement I: There is high salinity in Red Sea.
Statement II: Rate of evaporation is high in Red Sea.

Both the Statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
Both the Statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
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The correct answer is A) Both the Statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
Statement I is true. The Red Sea has one of the highest salinities among the world’s seas, typically ranging between 36 to 41 parts per thousand (ppt), significantly higher than the average ocean salinity of around 35 ppt.
Statement II is true. The Red Sea is located in a hot and arid region with high temperatures, low humidity, and strong winds, leading to very high rates of evaporation. It also receives very little freshwater input from rivers or significant rainfall. High evaporation removes pure water, leaving the salts behind, which directly increases the concentration of salt in the remaining water body. Therefore, high evaporation is the primary reason for the high salinity of the Red Sea.
Other factors contributing to the Red Sea’s high salinity include limited exchange of water with the open ocean (Mediterranean Sea and Arabian Sea through narrow straits) and its location over a rift valley system which might involve subsurface brine inputs in some areas, although evaporation is the dominant factor for the overall high salinity.

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42. Directions : The following 05 (Five) items consist of two statements,

Directions : The following 05 (Five) items consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two statements carefully and select the answers to these items using the code given below :
Code :

  • Both the Statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
  • Both the Statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
  • Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
  • Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

51.
Statement I: Petroleum is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons of different densities.
Statement II: The grade of petroleum depends mainly on the relative proportion of the different hydrocarbons.

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Both the Statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
Both the Statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
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The correct answer is A) Both the Statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
Statement I is true. Petroleum is a complex mixture primarily composed of hydrocarbons, which vary in size, structure, and density.
Statement II is also true. The physical and chemical properties, and thus the ‘grade’ (e.g., light/heavy crude, different viscosities), of petroleum depend heavily on the specific blend and relative proportions of the various hydrocarbons present. These proportions directly influence density, boiling point range, viscosity, etc., which define different petroleum grades. Statement II explains the significance of the composition mentioned in Statement I.
Hydrocarbons in petroleum can range from light gases (like methane) to heavy, complex molecules. The process of refining separates petroleum into various fractions (like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, lubricants) based on their different boiling points, which are determined by the types of hydrocarbons present.

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43. Which of the following are the basic features of the Constitution (73r

Which of the following are the basic features of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act ?

  • 1. Provides for a three-tier structure of panchayats in the village, intermediary and district levels.
  • 2. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and women in all the tiers of panchayats.
  • 3. Election to panchayats under the supervision of the State Election Commissions.
  • 4. Introduction of the 11th Schedule to the Constitution.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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1, 2 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
2 and 4 only
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The correct answer is C) 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992, gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions. All the listed features are basic provisions introduced by this amendment:
1. Provides for a three-tier structure: This is mandatory for states with a population above 20 lakhs (village, intermediate, and district levels).
2. Reservation of seats: This amendment mandates reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women (not less than one-third of the total seats) at all three levels.
3. Election under the supervision of the State Election Commissions: The amendment provides for the constitution of an independent State Election Commission in each state to conduct elections to the Panchayats.
4. Introduction of the 11th Schedule: This schedule was added to list the 29 functional items placed within the purview of Panchayats.
The 73rd Amendment Act is a landmark legislation that aimed at democratic decentralization and strengthening grass-roots democracy in India. It added Part IX, ‘The Panchayats’, to the Constitution.

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44. Which one among the following is not a fundamental duty ?

Which one among the following is not a fundamental duty ?

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To abide by the Constitution of India and respect the national flag and national anthem
To safeguard public property
To protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India
To render compulsory military service
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The correct answer is D) To render compulsory military service.
Fundamental Duties are listed under Article 51A of the Constitution. Options A, B, and C correspond to duties listed in Article 51A:
A) To abide by the Constitution and respect the national flag and national anthem (51A(a)).
B) To safeguard public property (51A(i)).
C) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India (51A(c)).
Rendering compulsory military service is not explicitly listed as a fundamental duty. While 51A(d) mentions rendering national service when called upon to do so, this is not necessarily compulsory military service.
The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. There are currently eleven fundamental duties.

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45. Which among the following is not a basic feature of the Constitution o

Which among the following is not a basic feature of the Constitution of India ?

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Fundamental rights
Independence of judiciary
Federalism
The unquestioned right of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution
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The correct answer is D) The unquestioned right of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution.
The “unquestioned right of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution” is NOT a basic feature. In fact, the doctrine of ‘Basic Structure’ of the Constitution, propounded by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), established that Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, but it cannot alter or destroy the basic structure of the Constitution.
Fundamental rights, Independence of judiciary, and Federalism are generally considered part of the basic structure of the Constitution, although the Supreme Court has not exhaustively defined ‘basic structure’ and has added to the list over time. The limitation on Parliament’s amending power is precisely a key aspect of the Indian constitutional framework, upholding the supremacy of the Constitution itself over the Parliament.

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46. Article 368 of the Constitution of India deals with

Article 368 of the Constitution of India deals with

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the powers of the Parliament of India to amend the Constitution
financial emergency
To protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India
To render compulsory military service
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The correct answer is A) the powers of the Parliament of India to amend the Constitution.
Article 368 of the Constitution of India exclusively deals with the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for doing so. It outlines the special majority required for constitutional amendments.
Option B, financial emergency, is dealt with under Article 360. Option C, To protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India, is mentioned as a Fundamental Duty (Article 51A) and also reflected in the Preamble, but not the subject of Article 368. Option D, To render compulsory military service, is not a subject dealt with by Article 368, nor is it a fundamental duty (though providing national service when called upon is a duty).

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47. Who among the following was not associated with the Sarvodaya movement

Who among the following was not associated with the Sarvodaya movement ?

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Jaya Prakash Narayan
Acharya Vinoba Bhave
Dhirendra Mazumdar
G V Apparao
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The correct answer is D) G V Apparao.
Jaya Prakash Narayan, Acharya Vinoba Bhave, and Dhirendra Mazumdar were prominent figures actively involved in the Sarvodaya movement and its related activities like the Bhoodan and Gramdan movements, inspired by the principles of Mahatma Gandhi. G V Apparao (Gurajada Apparao) was a renowned Telugu writer and social reformer from Andhra Pradesh, known for his literary works and efforts against social evils, but he is not primarily associated with the Sarvodaya movement led by Gandhians like Vinoba Bhave and JP Narayan.
The Sarvodaya movement aims for the welfare of all (sarva=all, udaya=uplift). It is based on Gandhian principles of non-violence, self-sufficiency, and social justice, seeking a non-violent social revolution. Key figures associated with it include Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave (who led the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement as a follow-up to Sarvodaya ideals), and Jaya Prakash Narayan (who played a significant role, especially in the later phase and related political movements).

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48. Pochampally in Nalgonda district of Telengana became famous in April,

Pochampally in Nalgonda district of Telengana became famous in April, 1951 because

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the Bhoodan movement was launched there by Vinoba Bhave
the landless peasants rose up in arms against the landlords
it witnessed violent anti-Hindi agitation
Silk weavers' cooperative was formed for the first time in India
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Pochampally, a village now in Telangana (then part of Hyderabad State), gained prominence in April 1951 because it was the starting point of the Bhoodan Movement (Land Gift Movement) led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave. Vinoba Bhave was undertaking a walking tour in the region, which had recently experienced the Telengana peasant uprising. On April 18, 1951, while addressing a meeting in Pochampally, some landless villagers requested land. A local landlord, Vedire Ramachandra Reddy, spontaneously offered to donate 100 acres of his land. This act inspired Vinoba Bhave to launch the Bhoodan movement, appealing to landowners across India to donate land for redistribution to the landless poor as a voluntary, non-violent land reform initiative.
Pochampally is historically significant as the location where the Bhoodan movement, a key post-independence social movement focused on voluntary land reform, originated.
The Bhoodan movement aimed to bring about agrarian revolution through peaceful means, based on Gandhian principles. It later evolved into the Gramdan movement, where entire villages were donated for collective ownership. While Pochampally is also famous for its Ikat weaving, its fame in the context of April 1951 is directly linked to the launch of the Bhoodan movement.

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49. The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India contains

The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India contains

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provisions regarding the administration of tribal areas
the Union List, the State List and the Concurrent List
a list of recognized languages
provisions about the disqualification of Members of Legislatures on grounds of defection
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The Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India is crucial for defining the distribution of legislative powers between the Union (Central) government and the State governments. It contains three lists:
1. **Union List:** Contains subjects on which the Parliament has exclusive power to make laws (e.g., defence, external affairs, railways, banking).
2. **State List:** Contains subjects on which the State Legislatures have exclusive power to make laws (e.g., public order, police, public health and sanitation, agriculture).
3. **Concurrent List:** Contains subjects on which both the Parliament and the State Legislatures can make laws (e.g., education, forests, trade unions, marriage).
Therefore, the Seventh Schedule contains the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List.
The Seventh Schedule operationalizes the federal structure of the Indian Constitution by demarcating the legislative domains of the central and state governments, avoiding conflicts of jurisdiction.
The other options refer to different schedules of the Constitution:
A) Provisions regarding the administration of tribal areas are in the Fifth and Sixth Schedules.
C) A list of recognized languages is in the Eighth Schedule.
D) Provisions about the disqualification of Members of Legislatures on grounds of defection are in the Tenth Schedule.

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50. Mahatma Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj is essentially

Mahatma Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj is essentially

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a critique of Western modernity
an outline of his philosophy of Satyagraha
an invocation to Indians to free themselves from the British
a blueprint of Gram Swaraj
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Mahatma Gandhi’s book ‘Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule’, published in 1909, is a foundational text that outlines his philosophical critique of Western civilization and modern industrial society. Gandhi argues that Western modernity, characterized by industrialization, materialism, and complex institutions like railways, lawyers, and doctors, is inherently exploitative and morally corrupting. He contrasts this with his vision of true Swaraj, which he defines not just as political independence from British rule, but as self-rule or control over one’s own mind and desires, leading to a spiritually and morally uplifted society. While it touches upon Satyagraha and freedom from the British, the core essence is a deep critique of the modern Western way of life and its impacts.
Hind Swaraj presents Gandhi’s fundamental disapproval of modern Western civilization, viewing it as a ‘disease’ that India should not adopt. His vision of Swaraj is intertwined with this critique, advocating for a simple, ethical, and self-reliant society.
The book is structured as a dialogue between ‘The Reader’ (representing typical Indian nationalist views of the time, seeking Western-style self-government) and ‘The Editor’ (representing Gandhi’s views). This format allows Gandhi to systematically dismantle arguments in favour of adopting Western institutions and values.

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