UPSC Geoscientist

31. Arteries are the blood vessels which:

Arteries are the blood vessels which:

carry oxygenated blood.
carry deoxygenated blood.
have thin, non-elastic walls.
carry the blood away from the heart.
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The correct answer is D because the defining characteristic of an artery is that it carries blood away from the heart, irrespective of whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to other parts of the body. Veins carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries are tiny vessels connecting arteries and veins where exchange of substances occurs.
While most arteries carry oxygenated blood (e.g., the aorta and its branches), the pulmonary artery is an exception as it carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. Arteries generally have thick, elastic, and muscular walls to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart.

32. The cells associated with receiving and conducting impulses are:

The cells associated with receiving and conducting impulses are:

Neuron
Plasma cells
Adipocytes
Macrophages
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Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the fundamental units of the nervous system. They are specialized for receiving stimuli, generating electrical signals (nerve impulses), and conducting these impulses along their axons to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Neurons are the specialized cells responsible for communication via impulses in the nervous system.
Plasma cells are B lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Adipocytes are fat storage cells. Macrophages are phagocytic cells involved in the immune response. None of these are primarily responsible for receiving and conducting electrical impulses like neurons.

33. Tissue is formed from cells in which:

Tissue is formed from cells in which:

most cells are similar in structure and function.
all cells perform different functions.
all cells are different in structure.
all cells are different in both structure and function.
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A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells (and their extracellular matrix) that are organized together to perform a specific function. While tissues may contain more than one cell type, the predominant cells are typically similar in structure and specialized for the tissue’s function.
Tissues are formed by cells with similar structure and function working together.
Options B, C, and D describe scenarios where cells are primarily different in structure and function, which would not typically form a cohesive tissue performing a specialized role. Organs are made up of different types of tissues working together.

34. Tendons connect:

Tendons connect:

Bone to bone
Bone to cartilage
Muscle to bone
Cartilage to fat
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Tendons are strong, fibrous connective tissues that primarily serve to connect muscles to bones. This connection allows muscles to exert force on bones, enabling movement.
Tendons transmit force from muscles to bones.
Ligaments are another type of fibrous connective tissue, but they connect bone to bone. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as joints, ears, and nose.

35. Reptilia include animals which are cold-blooded, have scales and breat

Reptilia include animals which are cold-blooded, have scales and breathe through lungs. These include:

Fishes and Snakes
Frogs and Snakes
Crow and Fishes
Snakes and Turtles
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Reptilia is a class of vertebrates that includes cold-blooded (ectothermic) animals typically characterized by scaly skin and breathing through lungs. Snakes and Turtles are classic examples of reptiles that fit this description.
Key characteristics of reptiles include being cold-blooded, having scales, and respiring via lungs.
Fishes (Class Pisces) are cold-blooded and have scales but breathe through gills. Frogs (Class Amphibia) are cold-blooded and breathe through lungs and skin as adults but lack scales and typically have a larval stage with gills. Crows (Class Aves) are warm-blooded and have feathers instead of scales.

36. In a mammalian cell, protein is synthesized on:

In a mammalian cell, protein is synthesized on:

Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
Lysosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Protein synthesis (translation) in mammalian cells occurs on ribosomes. Ribosomes can be found freely in the cytoplasm, or they can be attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. When ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER), and it is the site where proteins destined for secretion, insertion into membranes, or delivery to other organelles (like lysosomes) are synthesized.
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, and they are associated with the RER for specific types of proteins.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins. The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins that function in the cytoplasm.

37. Hydrochloric acid is produced in which one of the following organs of

Hydrochloric acid is produced in which one of the following organs of human body?

Oesophagus
Small intestine
Stomach
Large intestine
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced in the stomach by specialized cells called parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) found in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. This acid creates a highly acidic environment necessary for protein digestion by the enzyme pepsin and for killing ingested microorganisms.
The stomach is the primary organ in the digestive system responsible for producing strong acid.
The oesophagus is a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. The small intestine is primarily involved in enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption. The large intestine is mainly involved in water absorption and forming waste.

38. Which one of the following statements about immunisation is correct?

Which one of the following statements about immunisation is correct?

In immunisation, infectious agent is killed directly by component of vaccine
In immunisation, infectious agent is killed through immune system
Immunisation has no role in preventing infectious diseases
Immunisation against one infectious disease is sufficient for all infectious diseases
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In immunisation (vaccination), a weakened or inactive form of an infectious agent or its components is introduced into the body. This triggers the body’s immune system to recognize the agent and produce antibodies and memory cells against it. If the vaccinated individual is later exposed to the actual infectious agent, the immune system can quickly recognize and eliminate it, thus killing the infectious agent through the immune response.
Immunisation works by stimulating the adaptive immune system to build memory against specific pathogens.
Option A is incorrect because vaccine components themselves do not directly kill the infectious agent; they are signals for the immune system. Option C is incorrect as immunisation is a highly effective method for preventing many infectious diseases. Option D is incorrect because immunity is specific; a vaccine against one disease typically provides protection only against that specific disease or a closely related group of diseases.

39. The ancient Sanskrit texts use the term kula to designate:

The ancient Sanskrit texts use the term kula to designate:

Network of kinfolk
Families
Lineage
Caste
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In ancient Sanskrit texts, the term kula is primarily used to designate a family. It refers to a group of people related by blood or marriage living together.
The term kula is a fundamental unit of social organisation described in ancient Indian texts.
While a kula (family) is part of a larger lineage (vamsha or gotra) and forms part of a network of kinfolk, the most direct and common meaning of kula itself is family. Caste is typically referred to by terms like jati or varna.

40. Which one of the following statements about Government of India Act, 1

Which one of the following statements about Government of India Act, 1935 is NOT correct?

The federal part of the Act was quickly implemented
The Congress decided to participate in the elections under the new Act
Only Bengal and Punjab had non-Congress ministries
Congress formed coalition Governments in two provinces
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The Government of India Act, 1935, proposed a federation of British Indian provinces and princely states. However, the federal part of the Act, which dealt with the centre and the accession of princely states, was never implemented. The princely states were reluctant to join, and the political climate did not favour its establishment. Therefore, the statement that the federal part was quickly implemented is NOT correct.
The Government of India Act, 1935, was a complex legislation with provincial autonomy being implemented (leading to elections in 1937), while the federal part remained unimplemented.
The Congress decided to participate in the elections held under the provincial part of the Act in 1937 and formed ministries in several provinces. Following these elections, Congress formed clear majority governments in 5 provinces and coalition governments in others. Provinces like Bengal and Punjab had non-Congress ministries, such as the Krishak Praja Party-Muslim League coalition in Bengal and the Unionist Party in Punjab.
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