UPSC Geoscientist

31. In which one of the following trophic structures of ecosystems, both f

In which one of the following trophic structures of ecosystems, both fungi and bacteria occur?

Decomposer
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Food web
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The correct answer is (A) Decomposer.
Decomposers are organisms, primarily bacteria and fungi, that break down dead organic matter (detritus) from all trophic levels (producers, consumers) into simpler inorganic substances. This process is essential for nutrient cycling within an ecosystem.
Autotrophs are producers (like plants) that create their own food. Heterotrophs are consumers that obtain energy by feeding on other organisms. While decomposers are a type of heterotroph, the trophic structure where fungi and bacteria play a defining role is the decomposer level or compartment. A food web illustrates the feeding relationships but is not a trophic structure itself.

32. Which one of the following is the most important stage in the process

Which one of the following is the most important stage in the process of ecological succession?

Claim
Acceptance by community members
Reaction
Settlement
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The correct answer is (C) Reaction.
In ecological succession, ‘Reaction’ refers to the modifications made by organisms to their physical habitat. These changes, such as altering soil composition, light availability, or nutrient levels, significantly influence the suitability of the environment for the existing community and pave the way for the establishment of subsequent communities. It is a crucial feedback mechanism that drives the process of succession forward.
The typical stages or concepts in ecological succession include colonization, facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition, leading towards a climax community. While the term ‘Reaction’ might not be used in all models, it encapsulates the vital concept of how biotic factors (organisms) interact with and change abiotic factors (environment), which is fundamental to understanding successional dynamics. The other options (Claim, Acceptance by community members, Settlement) are not standard ecological terms used to describe stages in succession.

33. Which one of the following has the adaptation ‘echolocation’ to detect

Which one of the following has the adaptation ‘echolocation’ to detect the prey?

Rattlesnake
Barn owl
Grasshopper
Bat
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The correct answer is (D) Bat.
Bats are well-known for using echolocation, a biological sonar system, to navigate and locate prey in darkness or low-light conditions. They emit high-frequency sound pulses and interpret the returning echoes.
Rattlesnakes use pit organs to detect infrared radiation (heat) from prey. Barn owls have exceptional hearing and vision adapted for nocturnal hunting. Grasshoppers primarily rely on vision and auditory senses (though not echolocation).

34. Deserts are generally located at

Deserts are generally located at

Equatorial region
Polar region
about 30° latitude
about 65° latitude
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The correct answer is (C) about 30° latitude.
Many of the world’s largest deserts are located in the subtropical high-pressure belts, which are typically found around 30° North and South latitudes. The descending air in these regions inhibits cloud formation and precipitation, leading to arid conditions.
Examples of deserts located near 30° latitude include the Sahara Desert (North Africa), Arabian Desert (Middle East), Great Sandy Desert (Australia), and Atacama Desert (South America). While polar regions are also technically deserts (due to low precipitation), the vast subtropical deserts are characteristically found around these latitudes.

35. The United Nations has recently warned that ‘famine-like conditions ha

The United Nations has recently warned that ‘famine-like conditions have been created by climate change’ in which one of the following countries?

Madagascar
Mongolia
Papua New Guinea
Venezuela
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The correct answer is (A) Madagascar.
In 2021, the United Nations warned about severe drought conditions in Southern Madagascar, directly linking the resulting food crisis and ‘famine-like conditions’ to climate change, describing it as potentially the world’s first famine caused by the climate crisis.
The region in Southern Madagascar experienced its worst drought in 40 years, leading to widespread crop failure, acute food insecurity, and humanitarian crisis affecting hundreds of thousands of people.

36. What is common to the places called ‘Aliyar, Idukki, Mettur,

What is common to the places called ‘Aliyar, Idukki, Mettur, Parambikulam’?

Buddhist archaeological sites
Underground cave systems
Pre-historic cave paintings
Water reservoirs
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The correct answer is (D) Water reservoirs.
Aliyar, Idukki, Mettur, and Parambikulam are all names of major dams and associated water reservoirs located in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in South India.
Aliyar Dam (Tamil Nadu), Idukki Dam and Reservoir (Kerala), Mettur Dam (Tamil Nadu), and the Parambikulam Dam/Project (spanning Tamil Nadu and Kerala) are all crucial components of regional irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply systems.

37. The e-AMRIT web portal on electric vehicles, launched at COP26 Summit

The e-AMRIT web portal on electric vehicles, launched at COP26 Summit in Glasgow recently, has been developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Government of

USA
UK
Russia
Canada
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The correct answer is (B) UK.
The e-AMRIT web portal on electric vehicles was launched by NITI Aayog at COP26 in Glasgow as part of the UK-India joint declaration on Zero Emission Vehicles, developed in collaboration with the UK Government.
e-AMRIT (Accelerated e-Mobility Revolution for India’s Transportation) is intended to be a one-stop destination for all information on electric vehicles, addressing common concerns and providing details on purchase, investment opportunities, and government policies.

38. Which one of the following was recently considered to be a suitable si

Which one of the following was recently considered to be a suitable site for introducing African cheetah in India?

Bandhavgarh National Park
Dudhwa National Park
Kuno National Park
Manas National Park
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The correct answer is (C) Kuno National Park.
Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh was identified as the most suitable site for the reintroduction of African cheetahs in India after detailed site surveys and evaluations.
The project to reintroduce cheetahs into India began in 2022 with the translocation of cheetahs from Namibia and later South Africa to Kuno National Park. India’s native cheetah species (Asiatic cheetah) was declared extinct in 1952.

39. Recently which one of the following countries became the first in the

Recently which one of the following countries became the first in the world to adopt the cryptocurrency ‘Bitcoin’ as legal tender?

Argentina
Bolivia
El Salvador
Peru
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The correct answer is (C) El Salvador.
In September 2021, El Salvador became the first country in the world to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, alongside the US dollar.
The move was aimed at boosting the nation’s economy by facilitating remittances and attracting foreign investment, although it has faced significant challenges and criticism.

40. Consider the following pairs of name of famous person and name of the

Consider the following pairs of name of famous person and name of the company associated with :

  • 1. Elon Musk : Apple
  • 2. Jeff Bezos : Amazon
  • 3. Tim Cook : Tesla

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

1 only
2 only
3 only
1, 2 and 3
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The correct answer is (B) 2 only.
Jeff Bezos is the founder of Amazon. Elon Musk is associated with Tesla and SpaceX, not Apple. Tim Cook is the CEO of Apple, not associated with Tesla.
Jeff Bezos founded Amazon in 1994 and served as its CEO until 2021, continuing as Executive Chairman. Elon Musk is the CEO of Tesla and founder of SpaceX. Tim Cook succeeded Steve Jobs as CEO of Apple in 2011.
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