UPSC CDS-2 Archives

31. As per the extant policy, Foreign Direct Investment is permitted in th

As per the extant policy, Foreign Direct Investment is permitted in the defence sector under the automatic route up to which one of the following limits?

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26 percent

74 percent

51 percent

49 percent

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2018

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As per the extant policy around the time this question was framed (likely 2018-2019), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was permitted in the defence sector under the automatic route up to 49 percent.

– The limit for FDI under the automatic route in the defence sector was 49%.
– Beyond 49% and up to 100%, FDI was permitted under the government route, provided it was likely to result in access to modern technology or for other reasons to be recorded.

– The FDI policy in defence manufacturing has been progressively liberalized over the years. Initially, it was restricted to 26%. It was later increased to 49% under automatic route. In 2020, the limit under the automatic route was further increased to 74%.

32. ‘Tejas’ is the name of which one of the following?

‘Tejas’ is the name of which one of the following?

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Main battle tank

Nuclear submarine

Light combat aircraft

Aircraft carrier

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Tejas is the name of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) developed by India.

– ‘Tejas’ is a single-engine, delta wing, multirole light fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.

– The Tejas program was launched in the 1980s to replace India’s aging MiG-21 fighters. It achieved Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) in 2013 and Final Operational Clearance (FOC) in 2019.
– Options A, B, and D refer to different types of defence platforms: Main Battle Tank (like Arjun), Nuclear Submarine (like Arihant), and Aircraft Carrier (like INS Vikrant).

33. Who is the Chairman of the Defence Planning Committee set up in April

Who is the Chairman of the Defence Planning Committee set up in April 2018?

The Prime Minister

The National Security Advisor

The Defence Minister

The Chief of the Army Staff

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The Defence Planning Committee (DPC), established in April 2018, is a high-level body responsible for preparing comprehensive defence plans. It is chaired by the National Security Advisor (NSA).

The DPC was set up to streamline and improve the defence planning process in India, linking it with foreign policy and economic considerations.

The committee includes the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, the Service Chiefs, Defence Secretary, Foreign Secretary, and Expenditure Secretary as its members, with the NSA as the chairman.

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34. The 2+2 Bilateral Dialogue was held in September 2018 between

The 2+2 Bilateral Dialogue was held in September 2018 between

External Affairs and Defence Ministers of India with their US counterparts

Finance and Defence Ministers of India with their Russian counterparts

Home and Defence Ministers of India and their counterparts in Pakistan

External Affairs and Defence Ministers of India with their counterparts in Pakistan

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2018

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The “2+2 Bilateral Dialogue” is a format of meeting between the External Affairs Minister and Defence Minister of India and their counterparts from another country. The first such dialogue between India and the United States was held in New Delhi in September 2018.

This dialogue mechanism is considered a high-level platform for discussing and coordinating on critical foreign policy and security issues.

India currently holds 2+2 dialogues with its key strategic partners including the USA, Japan, Australia, and Russia.

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35. Which of the following statements relating to the historic Objectives

Which of the following statements relating to the historic Objectives Resolution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly, is/are correct?

1. The Objectives Resolution inspired the shaping of the Constitution through all its subsequent stages.
2. It was not just a resolution, but a declaration, a firm resolve and a pledge.
3. It provided the underlying philosophy of our Constitution.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only

1 only

1, 2 and 3

2 and 3 only

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All three statements regarding the Objectives Resolution are correct. The Objectives Resolution, moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly in December 1946 and adopted in January 1947, laid down the fundamental principles and guiding philosophy that informed the framing of the Indian Constitution and indeed inspired its shaping through all subsequent stages (Statement 1). Nehru himself articulated that it was not merely a dry resolution but a declaration, a firm resolve, and a pledge representing the will of the people (Statement 2). It outlined the core ideals such as India being a sovereign republic, guaranteeing justice, equality, and liberty to its citizens, thereby providing the essential underlying philosophy of the Constitution (Statement 3).

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is largely based on the spirit and the key principles enshrined in the Objectives Resolution.

The resolution affirmed the commitment to secure adequate safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and other backward classes.

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36. Which of the following statements relating to the Indian Councils Act,

Which of the following statements relating to the Indian Councils Act, 1861 is/are correct?

1. The Act introduced a grain of popular element by including non-official members in the Governor-General’s Executive Council.
2. The members were nominated and their functions were confined exclusively to consideration of legislative proposals placed before it by the Governor-General.
3. The Governor-General did not have effective legislative power.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

1 only

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Statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. The Indian Councils Act, 1861, did introduce non-official members (who could be Indian) into the Governor-General’s Legislative Council and provincial legislative councils, which was a rudimentary step towards associating Indians with the legislative process (Statement 1). These non-official members were nominated by the Governor-General or Governors and their functions were limited strictly to the consideration of legislative business brought before the council; they could not introduce bills, ask questions, or discuss the budget (Statement 2). However, the Governor-General retained significant legislative powers, including the power to veto legislation and issue ordinances having the force of law in emergencies, meaning he certainly had effective legislative power (Statement 3 is false).

This Act is significant for introducing the principle of representative institutions, though the representation was indirect (nomination) and the powers of the councils were severely restricted. It also started the process of decentralization by restoring legislative powers to the Presidencies.

The system of portfolio was also introduced by Lord Canning under this Act, assigning specific departments to individual members of the Governor-General’s Executive Council.

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37. Which of the following statements relating to the Government of India

Which of the following statements relating to the Government of India Act, 1858 is/are correct?

1. The British Crown assumed sovereignty over India from the East India Company.
2. The British Parliament enacted the first statute for the governance of India under the direct rule of the British.
3. This Act was dominated by the principle of absolute imperial control without any popular participation in the administration of the country.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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1 and 2 only

2 only

1, 2 and 3

1 and 3 only

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2018

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All three statements are correct. The Government of India Act, 1858, explicitly transferred the territories and governance of India from the East India Company to the British Crown (Statement 1). This marked the beginning of direct rule and the Act was the first comprehensive statute passed by the British Parliament specifically for the governance of India under the Crown (Statement 2). The Act consolidated imperial control, abolishing the Company’s dual control system and establishing the Secretary of State for India, without introducing any form of popular participation or representation in the administration (Statement 3).

This Act was a direct consequence of the 1857 Revolt and aimed at better administration and tighter control over India by the British government.

The Act also abolished the Board of Control and the Court of Directors, replacing them with the Secretary of State for India and the Council of India.

38. In the first century AD, which among the following was not a major ite

In the first century AD, which among the following was not a major item of Indian exports to Rome?

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Pepper

Spikenard

Tortoiseshell

Nutmeg

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In the first century AD, major items exported from India to the Roman Empire included spices like pepper, aromatics like spikenard, textiles, precious stones, ivory, and tortoiseshell. Nutmeg, however, is native to the Banda Islands (in present-day Indonesia) and was not a significant export item from India to Rome during this period. Its trade became prominent much later.

Trade between India and the Roman Empire flourished during the early centuries AD, primarily through sea routes via the Red Sea. Texts like the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea provide lists of goods traded.

Spices, perfumes, and luxury goods were highly valued in the Roman market, leading to a significant outflow of gold from Rome to India, which was commented upon by Roman writers.

39. The dialogue on Varna between king Avantiputta and Kachchana, a discip

The dialogue on Varna between king Avantiputta and Kachchana, a disciple of Buddha, appears in which one of the following Buddhist texts?

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Majjhima Nikaya

Samyutta Nikaya

Anguttara Nikaya

Ambattha Sutta

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The dialogue concerning Varna between king Avantiputta of Mathura and the Buddhist monk Maha Kachchana appears in the Madhura Sutta, which is part of the Majjhima Nikaya of the Pali Buddhist canon.

The Madhura Sutta records a discussion where Maha Kachchana argues against the inherent superiority of the Brahmin varna and asserts that varna distinctions are not based on birth but on actions and moral conduct, using empirical examples to challenge the claims of purity associated with Brahmins.

The Majjhima Nikaya is the collection of ‘Middle-length Discourses’ and is one of the five main divisions (Nikayas) of the Sutta Pitaka, which is part of the Tipitaka, the sacred scripture of Theravada Buddhism.

40. According to the Manusmriti, women can acquire wealth through which of

According to the Manusmriti, women can acquire wealth through which of the following means?

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Purchase

Investment

Token of affection

Inheritance

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According to Manusmriti, women could acquire wealth through various means described as ‘Stridhana’. These means included gifts received from relatives (father, mother, brother, husband) at different stages like marriage, bridal procession, or given out of affection. The option “Token of affection” aligns with one of the ways Stridhana could be acquired, specifically gifts from the husband or other relatives.

Stridhana was the property over which a woman had absolute right. Manusmriti lists specific categories of gifts received by a woman which constitute her Stridhana.

While acquisition through purchase or inheritance (especially of immovable property) might have been possible under certain circumstances or later interpretations, the text explicitly lists gifts received as ‘tokens of affection’ or from specific relatives as key components of Stridhana.