Agriculture & Livestock

11. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

List I
(Name of Shifting Cultivation)		 List II
(Country)
A. Roca 1. Sri Lanka
B. Chena 2. Thailand
C. Masole 3. Brazil
D. Tamarai 4. Zaire

Code :

</p> <table> <tr> <td></td> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> </tr> </table> <p>
</p> <table> <tr> <td></td> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> </tr> </table> <p>
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2023
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The correct answer is (C). The correct matches are: Roca – Brazil, Chena – Sri Lanka, Masole – Zaire, Tamarai – Thailand.
This question tests knowledge about different local names given to shifting cultivation (also known as slash-and-burn agriculture) in various parts of the world.
Shifting cultivation involves clearing a patch of forest, burning the vegetation, cultivating crops for a few seasons, and then abandoning the site to allow the forest to regenerate while moving to a new area. Different names for this practice include Jhum in Northeast India, Milpa in Central America and Mexico, Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysia, Ray in Vietnam, Caingin in Philippines, etc.

12. Which one of the following statements about plantation agriculture is

Which one of the following statements about plantation agriculture is not correct ?

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Plantation farm estates are scientifically managed.
Plantation farming requires heavy capital outlay.
Plantation farm lands have mainly foreign ownership and local labour.
Plantation farmers rear the animals for sale.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2023
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The correct answer is (D). Plantation farmers do not rear animals for sale as a primary activity of plantation agriculture.
Plantation agriculture is a commercial farming system specializing in growing a single cash crop on large estates for export or sale. It is characterized by features like large landholdings, capital intensity, scientific management, processing facilities near the farm, and reliance on hired labour.
Plantations focus exclusively on crop production (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane, cotton, bananas, pineapple, cocoa, etc.). Rearing animals for sale is not a characteristic activity of plantation agriculture; it belongs to livestock farming or mixed farming systems.

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13. Which one of the following is not a type of commercial agriculture?

Which one of the following is not a type of commercial agriculture?

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Dairy farming
Grain farming
Livestock ranching
Intensive subsistence agriculture
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
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The correct answer is Intensive subsistence agriculture. This type of farming is primarily aimed at producing food for the farmer’s own consumption or local needs, with limited surplus for commercial sale.
Commercial agriculture is characterized by production for sale in the market, often on a large scale and with the use of modern technology.
Dairy farming, grain farming (like wheat or corn in large farms), and livestock ranching are all examples of commercial agriculture where products are raised for sale and profit.

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14. Which of the following statements with regard to the Mediterranean agr

Which of the following statements with regard to the Mediterranean agriculture is/are correct?

  1. The Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialized commercial agriculture.
  2. It is intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation.
  3. It is a primitive subsistence agriculture.
  4. Viticulture is a speciality of the Mediterranean region.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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1 only
2 and 3
1 and 4 only
1, 3 and 4
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2017
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Mediterranean agriculture is a distinct type of agriculture practiced in regions with Mediterranean climates (hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters).
– Statement 1: The Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialized commercial agriculture. This is correct. It often focuses on high-value crops like citrus fruits, olives, figs, grapes (for wine), and cork, which are primarily grown for commercial markets.
– Statement 2: It is intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation. This describes agriculture typically found in monsoon regions of Asia, not the Mediterranean. Wet paddy cultivation requires abundant water during the growing season, which is contrary to the dry summer conditions of Mediterranean climates.
– Statement 3: It is a primitive subsistence agriculture. Primitive subsistence agriculture (like shifting cultivation or nomadic herding) is characterized by low technology, dependence on natural rainfall, and production mainly for the farmer’s own consumption. Mediterranean agriculture is more advanced, uses irrigation, and is market-oriented. This statement is incorrect.
– Statement 4: Viticulture is a speciality of the Mediterranean region. This is correct. The climate is very suitable for grape cultivation, and the region is world-renowned for its wine production.
Mediterranean agriculture is known for its arboriculture (cultivation of trees and shrubs), cultivation of drought-resistant cereals (like wheat and barley during the wet winter/spring), and increasingly, market gardening near urban centers. It is generally considered a form of commercial rather than subsistence agriculture.

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