UPSC CDS-1 Archives

31. Which of the following are the functions of the National Human Rights

Which of the following are the functions of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)?

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1. Inquiry at its own initiative on the violation of human rights
2. Inquiry on a petition presented to it by a victim
3. Visit to jails to study the condition of the inmates
4. Undertaking and promoting research in the field of human rights

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only

2, 3 and 4 only

1, 3 and 4 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. The Act explicitly lists the functions of the Commission.

According to Section 12 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the functions of the Commission include:
1. Inquiring, suo motu or on a petition presented to it by a victim or any person on his behalf, into complaint of violation of human rights or abetment thereof or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant. (Covers statements 1 and 2).
2. Visiting jails, other institutions under the control of the State Government, where persons are detained or lodged for purposes of treatment, reformation or protection, to study the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations thereon. (Covers statement 3).
3. Undertaking and promoting research in the field of human rights. (Covers statement 4).

Other functions include reviewing safeguards, recommending remedial measures, studying international instruments, promoting human rights literacy, and encouraging NGOs working in the field. All four statements provided in the question are indeed functions of the NHRC.

32. Which of the following statements about the India Post Payments Bank (

Which of the following statements about the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is/are correct?

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It has been incorporated as a Public Limited Company.
It started its operation by establishing two pilot branches at Hyderabad and Varanasi.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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Statement 1 is correct: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is incorporated as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 2013. It is wholly owned by the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India.

Statement 2 is incorrect: IPPB started its pilot operations on January 30, 2017, with two pilot branches at Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Ranchi (Jharkhand).

IPPB was formally launched nationwide on September 1, 2018, with 650 branches and 3250 access points. It aims to provide accessible and affordable banking services to people across India, leveraging the vast network of the India Post. IPPB offers savings and current accounts, money transfers, direct benefit transfers, and bill payments, but it cannot offer loans or credit cards directly as per its license type (Payments Bank).

33. In October 2017, India sent its first shipment of wheat to Afghanistan

In October 2017, India sent its first shipment of wheat to Afghanistan as a part of commitment made by the Government of India to supply 1.1 million tonnes of wheat to that country on grant basis. The shipment was sent through

Iran

Pakistan

Tajikistan

China

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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In October 2017, India began sending its first shipment of 1.1 million tonnes of wheat to Afghanistan as humanitarian aid. The shipment was routed through the Chabahar Port in Iran, marking a new transit route that bypassed Pakistan.

The Chabahar Port, being developed by India in Iran, is a strategically important port that provides India with direct access to Afghanistan and Central Asia, circumventing transit through Pakistan. This shipment demonstrated the operational viability of the Chabahar route for commercial and humanitarian purposes.

The aid was part of India’s commitment to help Afghanistan with its food security needs. Using the Chabahar port was a significant step in operationalizing the trilateral agreement between India, Iran, and Afghanistan on establishing an International Transport and Transit Corridor.

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34. The Reserve Bank of India has recently constituted a high-level task f

The Reserve Bank of India has recently constituted a high-level task force on Public Credit Registry (PCR) to suggest a road map for developing a transparent, comprehensive and near-real-time PCR for India. The task force is headed by

Sekar Karnam

Vishakha Mulye

Sriram Kalyanaraman

Y. M. Deosthalee

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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In February 2018, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) constituted a high-level task force to develop a road map for a comprehensive Public Credit Registry (PCR) in India. The task force was headed by Shri Y. M. Deosthalee, former CMD of L&T Finance Holdings Ltd.

The PCR is intended to be a database containing information on all loan contracts in the country, including their history, purpose, and performance. This is expected to help banks and other financial institutions in credit assessment and also improve transparency in the credit market.

Other members of the task force included experts from banking, information technology, and credit information companies. The task force submitted its report to the RBI later in 2018, recommending the establishment of a PCR by the RBI.

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36. Which one of the following statements about Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)

Which one of the following statements about Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) is not correct?

It is a marketable security.

It experiences price changes throughout the day.

It typically has lower daily liquidity and higher fees than mutual fund shares.

An ETF does not have its net asset value calculated once at the end of every day.

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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The correct answer is C) It typically has lower daily liquidity and higher fees than mutual fund shares.

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) are designed to be highly liquid and are known for their low expense ratios (fees) compared to many traditional mutual funds, especially actively managed ones. ETFs trade on stock exchanges throughout the day, providing intra-day liquidity, unlike mutual funds whose trades are settled only once per day at the Net Asset Value (NAV). Therefore, the statement that ETFs typically have lower daily liquidity and higher fees than mutual fund shares is incorrect.

Statements A, B, and D are generally correct descriptions of ETFs. A) ETFs are indeed marketable securities traded on exchanges. B) Their price fluctuates throughout the trading day based on market supply and demand, similar to stocks. D) While the market price changes continuously, the official NAV of the underlying portfolio is calculated at the end of the trading day, but the ETF’s traded price can diverge from its NAV due to market forces.

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37. Accumulation of which one of the following in the muscles of sprinters

Accumulation of which one of the following in the muscles of sprinters leads to cramp?

Lactic acid

Ethanol

Pyruvic acid

Glucose

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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The correct answer is A) Lactic acid.

During intense physical activity like sprinting, muscles may not receive enough oxygen to perform aerobic respiration. In such anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert glucose into lactic acid through a process called anaerobic glycolysis. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue lowers the pH and can lead to muscle fatigue, soreness, and cramps.

Pyruvic acid is an intermediate product in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; in the absence of sufficient oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. Ethanol is produced by fermentation in some organisms (like yeast) but not by human muscles. Glucose is the primary fuel source, not the waste product causing cramps.

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38. Which of the following classes of animals has/have three-chambered

Which of the following classes of animals has/have three-chambered heart?

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Pisces and Amphibia

Amphibia and Reptilia

Reptilia only

Amphibia only

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The correct answer is B) Amphibia and Reptilia.

Amphibians (like frogs, salamanders) typically have a three-chambered heart consisting of two atria and one ventricle. Most reptiles (like lizards, snakes, turtles) also possess a three-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle, although the ventricle is often partially divided by a septum, reducing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Crocodiles are an exception among reptiles, having a four-chambered heart.

Fishes (Pisces) have a two-chambered heart. Birds and Mammals both have a four-chambered heart. The evolution from two to three to four-chambered hearts reflects increasing efficiency in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which is beneficial for higher metabolic rates in endothermic animals (birds and mammals).

39. Which one of the following statements about lymph is correct?

Which one of the following statements about lymph is correct?

Lymph is formed due to leakage of blood through capillaries.

Lymph contains blood cells such as RBC.

Lymph is also circulated by the circulating heart.

Lymph only transports hormones.

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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The correct answer is A) Lymph is formed due to leakage of blood through capillaries.

Lymph is essentially interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels. Interstitial fluid is formed when plasma, containing water, small solutes, and some proteins, leaks out of the blood capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure. This fluid surrounds the cells and tissues. When this fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, it is called lymph.

Statement B is incorrect because lymph contains lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) but lacks red blood cells. Statement C is incorrect because the lymphatic system is a separate circulatory system that does not have a central pump like the heart; lymph flow relies on skeletal muscle contractions, breathing, and valves. Statement D is incorrect because lymph transports various substances including fats, waste products, lymphocytes, and proteins, not just hormones.

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40. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

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List-I (Railway Zone)	List-II (Headquarters)
A. North Central	1. Secunderabad
B. North Eastern	2. Jabalpur
C. West Central	3. Gorakhpur
D. South Central	4. Allahabad

Code :

</p> <table> <tr> <td></td> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> </tr> </table> <p>

</p> <table> <tr> <td></td> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> </tr> </table> <p>

</p> <table> <tr> <td></td> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> </tr> </table> <p>

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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The correct answer is A) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

This question requires matching the specified Zonal Railways with their respective headquarters. The correct pairings are:
– North Central Railway: Allahabad (Prayagraj)
– North Eastern Railway: Gorakhpur
– West Central Railway: Jabalpur
– South Central Railway: Secunderabad
Matching these pairs gives the code 4-3-2-1.

Indian Railways is divided into various zones for administrative efficiency. Each zone has a designated headquarters city. As of the latest reorganization, there are 18 railway zones in India. Knowing the headquarters of major zones is often required for competitive exams.