UPSC CDS-1 Archives

11. Who among the following is the author of the book, Bandi Jivan?

Who among the following is the author of the book, *Bandi Jivan*?

Rash Behari Bose

Veer Savarkar

Aruna Asaf Ali

Sachindranath Sanyal

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2023

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The author of the book *Bandi Jivan* is Sachindranath Sanyal.

– Sachindranath Sanyal (1893–1942) was an Indian revolutionary.
– He was a co-founder of the Hindustan Republican Association (later Hindustan Socialist Republican Association).
– He wrote *Bandi Jivan* (meaning ‘A Life of Captivity’ or ‘Life in Prison’) during his imprisonment in the Andaman Cellular Jail.

– *Bandi Jivan* became a significant text for the revolutionaries in India, serving as a source of inspiration and guidance, outlining revolutionary principles and experiences.
– Rash Behari Bose was another prominent revolutionary, known for the Delhi conspiracy case and his role in organizing the Indian National Army in Southeast Asia before Subhas Chandra Bose.
– Veer Savarkar also spent time in Cellular Jail and wrote extensively, but *Bandi Jivan* is attributed to Sachindranath Sanyal.
– Aruna Asaf Ali was a prominent figure in the Quit India Movement.

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12. Who among the following Chief Justices of India ordered the constituti

Who among the following Chief Justices of India ordered the constitution of a Special Bench called ‘Social Justice Bench’?

Justice H. L. Dattu

Justice K. G. Balakrishnan

Justice R. M. Lodha

Justice Y. K. Sabharwal

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Justice R. M. Lodha, during his tenure as the Chief Justice of India, ordered the constitution of a Special Bench called the ‘Social Justice Bench’ in the Supreme Court of India.

– Justice R. M. Lodha served as the 41st Chief Justice of India from April 2014 to September 2014.
– He ordered the creation of the Social Justice Bench in September 2014 to deal specifically with cases related to social justice, such as those concerning poverty, food security, housing, sanitation, health, education, and rights of women, children, and marginalized sections.

– The objective behind constituting this bench was to ensure that such important social issues receive dedicated and consistent judicial attention.
– The Social Justice Bench was initially planned to sit every Friday.
– While the concept of specialized benches existed, the formal creation and naming of a dedicated ‘Social Justice Bench’ was initiated under Chief Justice Lodha.

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13. Which of the following conditions is/are necessary for the issue of a

Which of the following conditions is/are necessary for the issue of a writ of certiorari in India?

1. There should be a tribunal or an officer having legal authority to determine questions affecting rights of subjects and having a duty to act judicially.
2. Such tribunal or officer has acted without jurisdiction.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2023

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Both conditions listed are necessary for the issue of a writ of certiorari in India. A writ of certiorari is typically issued against a judicial or quasi-judicial body that exceeds its jurisdiction or commits an error of law apparent on the face of the record.

– Point 1 states that there must be a tribunal or officer with legal authority to determine rights and having a duty to act judicially. This establishes the type of body against which the writ can be issued – one that performs judicial or quasi-judicial functions.
– Point 2 states that such body has acted without jurisdiction or in excess of jurisdiction. This is a primary ground for issuing certiorari; the body must have transgressed the limits of its legal authority.

– Other grounds for issuing a writ of certiorari include: violation of principles of natural justice, error of law apparent on the face of the record, or violation of fundamental rights.
– Certiorari is a corrective writ issued by a higher court (Supreme Court or High Courts) to quash the decision of a lower court, tribunal, or quasi-judicial authority when it has acted illegally.
– It is distinct from a writ of prohibition, which is issued to prevent a lower body from exceeding its jurisdiction before it makes a decision.

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14. Which of the following strategies is/are adopted for implementing the

Which of the following strategies is/are adopted for implementing the POSHAN Abhiyaan?

1. Inter-sectoral convergence for better service delivery
2. Use of technology (ICT) for real-time growth monitoring of women and children

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Both inter-sectoral convergence and the use of technology (ICT) for real-time monitoring are fundamental strategies adopted for implementing the POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission).

– POSHAN Abhiyaan is the Government of India’s flagship program to improve nutritional outcomes for children, pregnant women and lactating mothers.
– Strategy 1: Inter-sectoral convergence is crucial because addressing malnutrition requires the coordinated efforts of multiple sectors including Women and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Education, etc.
– Strategy 2: The mission heavily relies on technology. An ICT application (ICDS-CAS – Common Application Software) is used by Anganwadi Workers for real-time growth monitoring of children, tracking service delivery, and prompt interventions. This ensures data accuracy and efficiency.

– Other key strategies of POSHAN Abhiyaan include behavioral change communication (BCC), community mobilization, capacity building of frontline workers, and incentive-based awards for states/UTs and frontline workers.
– The mission aims to reduce stunting, undernutrition, anemia, and low birth weight among children, and also focuses on anemia among women and adolescent girls.

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15. Which of the following is/are the sub-mission/sub-missions of the Nati

Which of the following is/are the sub-mission/sub-missions of the National Skill Development Mission (NSDM)?

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1. Institutional training
2. Overseas employment
3. Leveraging of public infrastructure

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

1, 2 and 3

2 and 3 only

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All three listed points – Institutional training, Overseas employment, and Leveraging of public infrastructure – are related to the goals and activities covered under the National Skill Development Mission (NSDM). While ‘Leveraging of public infrastructure’ may not be the exact name of a sub-mission, it is a core strategy integrated within the Infrastructure and Convergence sub-missions. The listed sub-missions are Institutional Training and Overseas Employment, among others. Therefore, points 1 and 2 are explicit sub-missions, and point 3 is a fundamental approach within the mission’s framework.

– The National Skill Development Mission, launched in 2015, aims to create convergence across sectors and States in terms of skill training activities.
– The mission has seven sub-missions designed to achieve its objectives:
1. Institutional Training
2. Infrastructure
3. Convergence
4. Trainers
5. Overseas Employment
6. Sustainable Livelihoods
7. Counselling and Skill Development

– The Infrastructure sub-mission focuses on building and leveraging quality infrastructure for skill development.
– The Convergence sub-mission aims at consolidating and coordinating skill development efforts across various Central Ministries, State Governments, and the private sector, which includes leveraging existing public and private resources and infrastructure.
– The Institutional Training sub-mission focuses on improving the quality and capacity of existing training institutions.
– The Overseas Employment sub-mission focuses on facilitating skill development for overseas job opportunities.

16. The computation of poverty in terms of Monthly Per Capita Consumption

The computation of poverty in terms of Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) based on the Mixed Reference Period was recommended by the

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Lakdawala Committee

Tendulkar Committee

Dandekar Committee

Alagh Committee

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The computation of poverty in terms of Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) based on the Mixed Reference Period (MRP) was a key recommendation of the Tendulkar Committee (Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty).

– The Tendulkar Committee, constituted in 2005 and submitting its report in 2009, recommended a shift from using calorie norms for defining the poverty line.
– It proposed using MPCE based on the Mixed Reference Period (MRP) as the basis for poverty estimation. MRP refers to the period over which household consumption data is collected for the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) surveys. Specifically, it uses a 365-day reference period for five low-frequency items (clothing, footwear, durables, education, and health) and a 30-day reference period for the remaining items.

– The Lakdawala Committee (Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor, 1993) relied on consumption expenditure and state-specific price indices for poverty estimation, but not specifically MPCE based on MRP.
– The Dandekar Committee (1971) and Alagh Committee (Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand, 1979) were earlier groups that largely based their poverty line estimations on calorie intake norms.
– The Tendulkar Committee methodology was widely adopted by the Government of India for official poverty estimations for a period.

17. Which among the following is/are the objective/objectives of the NITI

Which among the following is/are the objective/objectives of the NITI Aayog?

1. Imposing policies on the States/UTs
2. Allocation of funds at National and State levels
3. Design strategies and long-term policies and programme frame-works

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

3 only

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The correct answer is D) 3 only. NITI Aayog serves as a think tank and advisory body to the Government of India. Its core functions include designing strategic and long-term policies and program frameworks for the national and sub-national levels. Statements 1 and 2 describe functions that NITI Aayog does not perform.

– NITI Aayog fosters cooperative federalism by involving states in the policy-making process; it does not impose policies on states (Statement 1 is incorrect).
– Unlike the former Planning Commission, NITI Aayog does not have the power to allocate funds to states or ministries (Statement 2 is incorrect). Fund allocation is primarily done by the Union Finance Ministry and the Finance Commission.
– A key objective of NITI Aayog is to design strategic and long-term policy and program frameworks, monitor their implementation, and evaluate their impact (Statement 3 is correct).

NITI Aayog was established in 2015, replacing the Planning Commission. Its structure includes a Governing Council comprising state Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors of Union Territories, emphasizing its role in promoting cooperative federalism.

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18. The contraction of private investment spending due to deficit spending

The contraction of private investment spending due to deficit spending by the Government is called

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crowding out

crowding in

pump priming

dumping

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The correct answer is A) crowding out. Crowding out is an economic phenomenon where increased government spending, financed through borrowing, leads to a decrease in private sector investment. This happens because increased government demand for loanable funds pushes up interest rates, making it more expensive for private businesses to borrow money for investment projects.

– Deficit spending by the government means the government is spending more than it collects in revenue, requiring it to borrow money.
– Increased government borrowing increases the demand for funds in the financial markets.
– Increased demand for funds, with a given supply, leads to higher interest rates.
– Higher interest rates increase the cost of borrowing for private firms and individuals.
– This higher cost discourages private investment spending (e.g., on new factories, equipment, or housing), hence ‘crowding out’ private investment.

Crowding in is the opposite effect, where government spending stimulates private investment. Pump priming refers to government spending to stimulate a depressed economy. Dumping is an international trade practice.

19. Which one of the following situations can lead to inflation?

Which one of the following situations can lead to inflation?

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Rapid growth of aggregate demand outweighing supply

Sluggish growth of aggregate demand

Reduction in the money supply

Higher levels of unemployment

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The correct answer is A) Rapid growth of aggregate demand outweighing supply. Inflation is a general increase in the price level. When the total demand for goods and services in an economy (aggregate demand) grows faster than the economy’s ability to produce those goods and services (aggregate supply), it leads to demand-pull inflation as consumers bid up prices.

– Inflation can be caused by factors affecting demand (demand-pull inflation) or factors affecting supply (cost-push inflation).
– Rapid growth of aggregate demand relative to supply creates upward pressure on prices.
– Sluggish demand growth typically leads to disinflation or deflation.
– Reduction in money supply is a monetary policy tool usually used to *combat* inflation by reducing aggregate demand.
– Higher levels of unemployment are usually associated with slack in the economy and low demand, which reduces inflationary pressure.

Other causes of inflation include increases in the cost of production (cost-push inflation), expectations of future inflation, and structural rigidities in the economy. However, excess aggregate demand is a fundamental driver of inflation.

20. Which of the following policies help to raise interest rate unambiguou

Which of the following policies help to raise interest rate unambiguously and thereby lead to appreciation of currency?

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Expansionary fiscal and monetary policy

Contractionary fiscal and monetary policy

Contractionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy

Contractionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy

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The correct answer is D) Contractionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy. Contractionary monetary policy (e.g., raising interest rates, selling bonds) directly increases interest rates. Higher interest rates attract foreign capital seeking higher returns, increasing demand for the domestic currency and leading to its appreciation. Expansionary fiscal policy (e.g., increased government spending, lower taxes) increases aggregate demand and can also lead to higher interest rates due to increased government borrowing (crowding out) and increased economic activity, further reinforcing the upward pressure on interest rates and potentially the currency. This combination is known to lead to higher interest rates and currency appreciation in open economies with capital mobility.

– Monetary policy directly influences interest rates and money supply. Contractionary monetary policy raises interest rates.
– Fiscal policy influences aggregate demand through government spending and taxation. Expansionary fiscal policy increases demand.
– In open economies with capital mobility, higher domestic interest rates relative to foreign rates attract capital inflows, increasing demand for the domestic currency and causing appreciation.
– Contractionary monetary policy is the most unambiguous tool to raise interest rates. Combined with expansionary fiscal policy, which also puts upward pressure on rates (via crowding out and demand), it creates a strong force for higher interest rates and currency appreciation.

This policy mix can lead to a stronger currency and potentially higher interest payments on government debt but may have mixed effects on output depending on the relative strength of the policies and the degree of capital mobility. Option B (Contractionary fiscal and monetary) would also raise interest rates and appreciate the currency but by reducing overall demand, potentially leading to lower output compared to option D. However, option D provides a clearer and more direct path to higher interest rates and appreciation driven by both capital inflow incentives (monetary policy) and potential crowding out/demand pressures (fiscal policy).