<–2/”>a >The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995 as the successor organization to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War. It is a multilateral framework (an agreement among governments) for conduct of international trade in goods and Services and also for protection of
Intellectual Property Rights, i.e., patents, copyrights, trademarks, etc and for discussion of trade related issues. The WTO has a set of multilateral agreements primarily on the rights and obligations (of governments) that prescribes for governments in formulation of rules, procedures and practices related to international trade.
agriculture was originally kept outside the purview of GATT till 1995. However, Uruguay Round has succeeded in bringing agriculture on the main track of GATT and agriculture trade is now firmly within the multilateral trading system. All the member countries of WTO are committed to follow set of rules embodied in WTO agreement on agriculture which covers:
(i) Domestic support,
(ii) Market access i.e., tariffs, and restrictions on imports and exports, and,
(iii) Export subsidies. The agreement-sought reduction in trade distorting domestic policies like price interventions and subsidies; reduction in export subsidies; replacing quantitative restrictions on trade with tariffs and reduction in tariffs to encourage more and freer trade.
India has always demanded that developed countries must bring down their bound tariff rates, and suggested the creation of a separate safeguard mechanism, for Food Security in developing countries. In fact, India continued to emphasize on food security as a prime Non Trade Concern and wanted that any measures adopted for its POVERTY alleviation programmes, food security and other social objectives, be exempt from any reduction commitments, while it demanded that developed countries should cut back their domestic farm support below the de-minimis levels.
Non-product specific subsidy is calculated by taking into account subsidies given for Fertilizers, water, seeds, credit and electricity. The ‘Green Box’ covers subsidies must not involve price support that is expected to cause minimal or no trade distortions.,
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations. It was established in 1995 and has 164 member countries. The WTO’s goal is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly, and predictably.
The WTO has a number of agreements that govern trade in different sectors, including agriculture. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is the main agreement that governs trade in agricultural products. The AoA was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, which were concluded in 1994.
The AoA sets out rules for market access, domestic support, export subsidies, sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), technical barriers to trade (TBT), rules of origin, dispute settlement, and trade facilitation.
Market access refers to the conditions under which goods and services can be imported and exported. The AoA sets out rules for market access for agricultural products. These rules include commitments on tariffs, quotas, and other measures that can be used to restrict trade in agricultural products.
Domestic support refers to government measures that support agricultural producers. The AoA sets out rules for domestic support measures. These rules are designed to ensure that domestic support measures do not distort trade in agricultural products.
Export subsidies are government payments that are made to producers or exporters of agricultural products. The AoA sets out rules for export subsidies. These rules are designed to eliminate export subsidies that distort trade in agricultural products.
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) are measures that governments take to protect human, animal, or plant Health. The SPS Agreement sets out rules for SPS measures. These rules are designed to ensure that SPS measures do not create unnecessary barriers to trade.
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) are measures that governments take to protect consumers, the Environment, or national security. The TBT Agreement sets out rules for TBT measures. These rules are designed to ensure that TBT measures do not create unnecessary barriers to trade.
Rules of origin are rules that determine the country of origin of a good. The Rules of Origin Agreement sets out rules for rules of origin. These rules are designed to ensure that goods are traded according to their true origin.
Dispute settlement is a process that allows countries to resolve trade disputes. The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) sets out the rules for dispute settlement. The DSU is designed to ensure that trade disputes are resolved in a fair and impartial manner.
Trade facilitation is a set of measures that are designed to make it easier and cheaper to trade goods and services. The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement sets out rules for trade facilitation. These rules are designed to reduce the costs of trading and to make it easier for businesses to trade across borders.
Agriculture negotiations are negotiations that are taking place within the WTO to reform the rules of the AoA. The negotiations are aimed at reducing agricultural subsidies, increasing market access for agricultural products, and improving the functioning of agricultural markets.
The WTO’s rules on agriculture have been controversial since the AoA was first negotiated. Some countries, such as the United States and the European Union, have argued that the rules are not strict enough and that they allow countries to continue to provide high levels of support to their agricultural sectors. Other countries, such as developing countries, have argued that the rules are too strict and that they prevent them from developing their own agricultural sectors.
The WTO’s agriculture negotiations have been going on for many years without any agreement being reached. The negotiations are complex and difficult, and there are many different interests at stake. However, it is important for the WTO to reach an agreement on agriculture, as this would help to improve trade in agricultural products and to benefit farmers around the world.
What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
The WTO is an international organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations. It was founded in 1995 and has 164 member countries. The WTO’s goal is to help countries trade more freely and fairly.
What is agriculture?
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating Plants and Livestock. It is one of the oldest human activities, and it is essential for our survival. Agriculture provides us with food, fiber, and fuel.
What is the relationship between the WTO and agriculture?
The WTO has a number of agreements that deal with agriculture. These agreements aim to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers on agricultural products, and to promote fair trade in agriculture.
What are some of the challenges facing agriculture?
Some of the challenges facing agriculture include Climate change, water scarcity, and pests and diseases. These challenges are making it more difficult to produce enough food for the world’s growing Population.
What are some of the benefits of trade in agriculture?
Trade in agriculture can benefit both producers and consumers. Producers can benefit from higher prices for their products, and consumers can benefit from lower prices for food. Trade can also help to promote innovation and efficiency in agriculture.
What are some of the risks of trade in agriculture?
Trade in agriculture can also pose some risks. For example, if one country has a comparative advantage in producing a particular agricultural product, it may be able to export that product at a lower price than other countries. This could lead to job losses in other countries that produce the same product.
What is the future of agriculture?
The future of agriculture is uncertain. Climate Change, water scarcity, and pests and diseases are all challenges that will need to be addressed. However, there are also opportunities for innovation and efficiency in agriculture. The future of agriculture will depend on how we address these challenges and opportunities.
What are some of the things that can be done to improve the future of agriculture?
Some of the things that can be done to improve the future of agriculture include:
- Investing in research and development to develop new technologies and practices that can help to increase productivity and reduce costs.
- Promoting Sustainable Agriculture practices that protect the environment and conserve Resources.
- Investing in Education and training to help farmers and other agricultural workers develop the skills they need to succeed in the future.
- Developing policies that support agriculture and help farmers to adapt to changing conditions.
Sure, here are some MCQs on the topics of agriculture, trade, and the WTO:
-
Which of the following is not a major agricultural product?
(A) Wheat
(B) Rice
(C) Oil
(D) Sugar -
The WTO is an organization that:
(A) Regulates international trade
(B) Provides aid to developing countries
(C) Promotes peace and security
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is not a goal of the WTO?
(A) To reduce tariffs and other trade barriers
(B) To promote free trade
(C) To protect the environment
(D) To ensure fair competition -
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture:
(A) Replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
(B) Was signed in 1994
(C) Covers all aspects of agricultural trade
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is not a principle of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture?
(A) Special and differential treatment for developing countries
(B) Market access
(C) Domestic support
(D) Export subsidies -
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture has been criticized for:
(A) Not doing enough to reduce agricultural subsidies
(B) Not doing enough to promote trade in agricultural products
(C) Not doing enough to protect the environment
(D) All of the above -
The Doha Round of WTO negotiations:
(A) Was launched in 2001
(B) Aims to further liberalize agricultural trade
(C) Has been largely unsuccessful
(D) All of the above -
The future of the WTO:
(A) Is uncertain
(B) Is likely to be shaped by the rise of emerging economies
(C) Is likely to be challenged by protectionist pressures
(D) All of the above -
The WTO is important because:
(A) It helps to reduce poverty and hunger
(B) It promotes economic Growth
(C) It helps to resolve trade disputes
(D) All of the above -
The WTO is not without its critics, who argue that it:
(A) Is too powerful
(B) Is not democratic
(C) Is not transparent
(D) All of the above
I hope these MCQs were helpful!