<<–2/”>a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/5653-2/”>p>Introduction
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi, an iconic figure in Indian politics, holds the distinction of being the first woman Prime Minister of India. Her tenure is marked by significant political events, economic changes, and notable controversies. Indira Gandhi’s Leadership was characterized by her strong will, decisive actions, and a vision for a self-reliant India. This ARTICLE delves into her life, political journey, and the legacy she left behind.
Early Life and Education
Indira Gandhi was born on November 19, 1917, in Allahabad, to Jawaharlal Nehru and Kamala Nehru. Her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a central figure in Indian politics and the leader of the Indian National Congress. Growing up in a politically active Environment, Indira was exposed to the Indian struggle for independence from a young age.
Indira’s early education was at home, after which she attended schools in India and Switzerland. She later went to Somerville College, Oxford, but did not complete her degree due to the outbreak of World War II. Her education played a crucial role in shaping her worldview and political beliefs.
Political Awakening and Early Career
Indira Gandhi’s political awakening began early, influenced by her father and the Indian independence movement. She became involved in the Indian National Congress and was active in various initiatives aimed at promoting social Justice and independence. In 1938, she joined the Congress Socialist Party, a group within the Indian National Congress.
During the 1940s, Indira was deeply involved in the Quit India Movement, a mass protest demanding an end to British rule in India. Her involvement in this movement and her subsequent imprisonment underscored her commitment to India’s freedom struggle.
Rise to Power
After India’s independence in 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi served as his close aide and advisor, gaining valuable political experience. She formally entered politics in 1959 when she was elected President of the Indian National Congress.
In 1964, following Nehru’s death, Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as Prime Minister. Indira Gandhi was appointed Minister of Information and Broadcasting in Shastri’s cabinet. Her tenure in this role was marked by efforts to modernize Indian media and promote Indian culture.
Becoming Prime Minister
Lal Bahadur Shastri’s sudden death in 1966 led to a power vacuum within the Indian National Congress. Indira Gandhi emerged as a compromise candidate for the position of Prime Minister, largely because senior leaders underestimated her political acumen and influence. On January 24, 1966, she was sworn in as the first woman Prime Minister of India.
First Term as Prime Minister (1966-1977)
Indira Gandhi’s first term as Prime Minister was a period of significant challenges and transformations. Her leadership style evolved from cautious decision-making to assertive governance. Some of the notable events and policies during this period include:
Green Revolution: Indira Gandhi played a pivotal role in promoting the Green Revolution, an initiative aimed at increasing agricultural productivity through the use of high-yielding variety seeds, chemical Fertilizers, and modern Irrigation techniques. This revolution transformed India from a food-deficient country to a food-surplus nation.
Nationalization of Banks: In 1969, Indira Gandhi nationalized 14 major Commercial Banks, aiming to ensure greater control over the Banking sector and direct credit to priority sectors like agriculture and small-scale industries. This move was both praised for its progressive intent and criticized for increasing government intervention in the Economy.
Bangladesh Liberation War: In 1971, Indira Gandhi’s leadership was tested during the Bangladesh Liberation War. She supported the Bengali independence movement in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and provided refuge to millions of refugees. Her decisive military action led to the creation of Bangladesh and earned her international acclaim.
Emergency Period: In 1975, facing political instability and growing opposition, Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency. This period, known as the Emergency, lasted until 1977 and was marked by the suspension of civil liberties, censorship of the press, and mass arrests of political opponents. The Emergency remains one of the most controversial periods in Indian history, drawing criticism for its authoritarian measures.
Political Setback and Return to Power
The 1977 general Elections, held after the end of the Emergency, resulted in a significant defeat for Indira Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. The Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, won a majority and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister. However, internal conflicts within the Janata Party and dissatisfaction with its governance led to the party’s collapse.
In 1980, Indira Gandhi made a political comeback and was re-elected as Prime Minister. Her second term was marked by efforts to restore economic stability and address regional conflicts.
Second Term as Prime Minister (1980-1984)
Indira Gandhi’s second term was a period of renewed focus on Economic Development and tackling regional unrest. Some significant events during this period include:
Operation Blue Star: In 1984, Indira Gandhi ordered Operation Blue Star, a military operation aimed at flushing out militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. The operation, which resulted in significant casualties and damage to the temple, fueled anger and resentment among Sikhs.
Assassination: On October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for Operation Blue Star. Her assassination led to widespread anti-Sikh riots and a period of national mourning.
Legacy
Indira Gandhi’s legacy is complex and multifaceted. She is remembered for her strong leadership, visionary policies, and decisive actions. Her contributions to India’s agricultural and economic development are significant, and her role in the Bangladesh Liberation War is celebrated. However, her tenure is also criticized for the authoritarian measures taken during the Emergency.
Indira Gandhi’s impact on Indian politics extends beyond her lifetime. Her leadership style and political strategies influenced subsequent generations of Indian politicians. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeded her as Prime Minister, and her family continues to be active in Indian politics through the Indian National Congress.
Conclusion
Indira Gandhi’s journey from a young girl in Allahabad to becoming the first woman Prime Minister of India is a testament to her resilience, determination, and political acumen. Her tenure as Prime Minister was marked by significant achievements and controversial decisions, shaping the course of Indian history. Indira Gandhi’s legacy continues to inspire and provoke debate, reflecting the enduring impact of her leadership on India and the world.