Health Status of the country
The health of a nation is an essential component of development, vital to the nation‟s economic Growth and internal stability. Assuming the minimum level of health care to the Population is a critical constituent of the development process. Many countries in the course of development gone through what is known as an “epidemiologic transition”, where the initial high burden of disease and mortality due to infectious diseases and maternal and child mortality, declines and gives way to non-communicable diseases, injuries and geriatric problems as the main burden of disease. India‟s Epidemiologic Transition, however is marked by three challenges in disease control, all of which need to be managed concurrently.First, India has to complete its unfinished agenda of reducing maternal and infant mortality as well as communicable diseases such as TB, Vector-borne disease of malaria, Kala-azar and Filaria, water borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhoeal diseases, leptospirosis, and vaccine-preventable measles and tetanus.Second, India has to contend with the rising epidemic of non communicable diseases including cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and injuries.Third, developing systems to cope with the new and re-emerging infectious diseases like HIV, Avian influenza, SARS and very recent H1N1 influenza.Since independence, India has built up a vast health Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE and health personnel and considerable achievements have been made over the last six decades to improve key health indicators such as life expectancy, child mortality and infant mortality and maternal mortality.India, with a population of more than 1 billion people, has many challenges in improving the Nutrition/”>Health and Nutrition of its citizens. Even though there is a steady decline in fertility, maternal, infant and child mortalities and the prevalence of severe manifestations of nutritional deficiencies, the pace is slow and falls short of national and MDG targets. The likely explanations include social inequities, disparities in health systems between and within states and consequences of Urbanization and demographic transition. In 2005, India launched in a big way the National Health Mission (NRHM), an extraordinary effort to strengthen the rural health care delivery systems. However, coverage of priority interventions remains insufficient, and the content and the quality of existing interventions are sub optimum.
India in the International Scenario in terms of key Health Indicators
The comparative picture with regard to key health indicators such as Life Expectancy, Maternal Mortality Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate points that countries placed in almost same situations such as Indonesia, Sri Lanka and China have performed much better than India.Life expectancy in India has more than doubled in years the last sixty years. It increased from around 30 years at the time of independence to over 63.5 years in 2002-2006. India‟s life expectancy is lower than the global Average of 67.5 years and the average of most of countries that won their independence from colonial rule at about the same time like China, Vietnam, Srilanka and so on.India‟s Infant Mortality Rate too has shown a steady decline from 129 deaths per 1000 live births in 1971 t o 47 in 2010. The rate of decline has been slowing from 9 points in the 1970s to 16 points in the current decade. Currently, the urban IMR is 31 ascompared to the rural IMR of 51.India is not in an appreciable situation when compared with the countries of the same region.The problem of estimating MMR has been the fixing of a reliable denominator due to the comparative rarity of the event, necessitating a large sample size. However, given this constraint, data suggests that India had a MMR of 400 in 1997-98 to 301 in 2001-03 declining to 254 deaths per 100000 live births in 2004-2006 and 212 in 2007-09.On the maternal mortality front, South Asian nations except Sri Lanka do worse than India, and South Asia as a region has poor record of maternal mortality in the world, very significantly affecting the global effect to achieve the MDG set for 2015.The population stabilization is indicated through TFR, which is the average number of children that a woman would bear over her lifetime if she were to experience the currentage-specific fertility rates. Total Fertility Rate has reduced from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.6 in 2008. India‟s record compares poorly with that of Japan, China and United States which have TFR of 1.3, 1.7 and 2.1 respectively.TFR varies significantly with female Literacy, mean age of Women at marriage, Percentage of females working in non primary sectors, infant and child mortality, type of housing, and level of urbanization. The TFR declines significantly with the level of Education of mother, and income/wealth. Population stabilization is also includes the maintenance of gender balance.
Variation of health indicators across the states
The special concern and challenge is the wide Variance in health indication across the states. Life expectancy is 74 years in Kerala whereas the life expectancy of states like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh is in the range of 58-62 years, a level achieved during the period of 190-75 in Kerala. Similarly, Kerala and Tamil Nadu reporting an MMR of 95 and 111 respectively lower than Assam (480), Bihar/Jharkhand (312), Madhya Pradesh/ Chattisgarh (335), Orissa (303), Rajastan (388) and Uttar Pradesh/Uttar khand (440). Further, TFR of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh that account for over 40% of India‟ population and have a TFR in the range of 3.0 to 3.9 – a level that Kerala and Tamil Nadu had in the early 1970s.The nine states Assam, Bihar/ Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh / Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh / Uttar khand account for 47% of India‟s population represent the core of our poor performance on all four indicators that is Life expectancy, IMR,MMR and TFR.
Maternal Health – Antenatal Care
Maternal care involves three stages antenatal care (period of pregnancy), delivery care and post natal care (care after the delivery of the baby) Even though every stage is significant for the health of mother as well as child, antenatal care takes more emphasis as it assures a safe delivery, less chances of neonatal deaths / infant deaths or maternal deaths. Ante natal care involves timely appropriate checkups, taking Iron and Folic Acid supplements and Tetanus toxin Vaccines and delivery at hospital.According to NFHS-3, less than half of the women received antenatal care during thefirst trimester of pregnancy, 22% had their first visit during the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy and 51% of mothers had three or more antenatal visits. Rural women are less likely to receive three or more visits than urban women. 65% of the mothers received IFAsupplements, but only 23% consumed them for the recommended 90 days or more.Three in Four mothers have received the prescribe dose of TT vaccination.
Delivery Care
Delivery at health facility in the presence of health professionals with the required medical facility is recommended for safe delivery. Three out of every five delivery in India take place at home. Only two births out of five takes place in a Health facility. However, the percentage of birth in health facility has increased steadily since NHFS-1. According to NHFS-3, Deliveries at home are more common in among women who received no antenatal checkups, older women, women with no education, women in the lowest quintile and women with more than three previous births.
Postnatal Care
Early postnatal care for a mother helps safeguard her health and can reduce maternal mortality. Only 37% of mothers had a postnatal checkup within 2 days of birth, as is recommended. Most women receive no postnatal care at all. Postnatal care is common following births in a medical facility, however, about one in five births in medical facilities were not followed by a postnatal checkup of the mother. Only 15% of home deliveries were followed by a postnatal checkup.
Maternal Mortality Rate
Maternal death is an important indicator of the reach of effective clinical health Services to the poor, and is regarded as one of the composite measure to assess the country‟s progress. Reliable estimation of levels and trends of maternal mortality is thus extremely essential. Deaths due to pregnancy and child birth are common among women in the reproductive age groups. Reduction of mortality of women has thus been an area of concern and governments across the globe have set time bound targets to achieve it. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) have set the target of achieving 109 per lakh of live births by 2015.The MMR during 2001–03 has been 301 per 100000 live births. And 254 in 2006, 212 in 2009 . Levels of maternal mortality vary greatly across the regions due to variation in access to emergency obstetric care (EmOC), prenatal care, and anemia rates among women, education level of women, and other factors. There has been a substantial decline during the seven year period of 1997–2003. However, the pace of decline is insufficient. At the present rate of decline, it will be difficult to achieve the goal of 109 by 2015. The major causes of these deaths have been identified as Hemorrhage(both ante and post partum) (37%), toxemia (hypertension during pregnancy) (5%),obstructed labour (5%), puerperal sepsis (infections after delivery and unsafe condition)(11%), abortions (8%), anemia and other conditions (34%).It is very clear that delivery care remains an important determinant of maternal health outcomes. This reinforces that rapid expansion of skilled birth attendance and EmOC is needed to further reduce maternal mortality in India. The trend for undertaking an institutional delivery is on increase as desired in India but differentials exist in different parts.
Infant Mortality Rate
One of the most sensitive indicators of the health status of a population is Infant Mortality Rate. The IMR in India is steadily decreasing, which is 50 per 1000 live births. It is 34 in urban areas far lower than 55 of the rural area during 2009.Further, it also varies across states with Kerala has the lowest IMR with 12 and the highest is in Madhya Pradesh with IMR of 67. It is observed from the National Family Household Survey-3 and District Level Household Survey -3 that the higher rates of antenatal, institutional deliveries and postnatal are associated with lower IMR.Infant mortality in rural areas is 50% higher than in the urban areas. Children whosemothers have no education are more than twice as likely to die before their first birthdayas children whose mothers have completed at least 10 years of school. In addition,children from scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are at greater risk of dying than otherchildren. The risk is high in case of mother‟s age is less than 20 or above 30.It is also important to note that IMR constitutes significant portion of Neo-natal Mortality. Neo-natal Mortality in India varies between 60 to 75% in various states.The causes of IMR in India comprise of Acute Respiratory Infections, Diarrhea, Sepsis, Asphyxia, Prematurity and others.In spite of much effort only 46.6 % deliveries are assisted by Trained Health Care Personnel of which 38.7% are Institutional deliveries. This indicates that concerted efforts will be required under Home Based Newborn Care(HBNC) to reduce the IMR and Neo-natal Mortality Rate (NMR) further.Also inverse relationship is observed with higher education status of mothers and higher standard of living index.
Maternal and Child Health Programmes in India
India has a long history of Maternal and Child Health Programmes since independence, which have undergone significant shifts in their emphasis over time. The 5-year phase of RCH II was launched in 2005 with a vision to bring about outcomes as envisioned in the MDGs, the National Population Policy 2000, the National Health Policy 2002 and The Tenth Five Year Plan, minimizing the regional variations in the areas of RCH and population stabilization through an integrated, focused, participatory programmes meeting the provisions of assured, equitable, responsive quality services. The implementation of the RCH II was strengthened with its integration into the NRHM, where improved programme implementation and health system development was seen as mutually reinforcing processes. In the five years since the launch of the NRHM in 2005, institutional deliveries have increased rapidly witnessing a remarkable ump in coverage from 7.39 to 90.37 lakh beneficiaries in 2008-09. Also quality of antenatal and postnatal care is also being strengthened, while the ASHA providing support for increasing utilization.
Major initiatives in Child Health under RCH II:
The strategy for child health care aim to reduce under 5 child mortality through interventions at every level of service delivery and through improved child care practices and child nutrition. One major component of the strategy was training to the AWWs and ANMs for early diagnosis and referral to facilities. At the facility level, the focus was on strengthening capacity to cope with essential newborn care in newborn corners in every facility and promptly treat or refer sick newborns and sick children to more specialized newborn stabilization units or special newborn care units at the district hospital. 213 sick newborn care units have been set up so far.IMNCI strategy encompasses a range of interventions to prevent and manage 5 major childhood illnesses – ARI, Diarrhea, Measles, Malaria and Malnutrition with the major causes of neonatal mortality – prematurity and sepsis. In addition, IMNCI teaches about nutrition including breast feeding promotion, complimentary feeding and micronutrients.It focuses on preventive, promotive, a curative service i.e. it gives a holistic outlook to the programme. Major components of the strategy are:(a) Strengthening the skills of the health care workers(b) Strengthening the health care infrastructure(c) Involvement of the communityThe first two components are facility based IMNCI and the third one is community based IMNCI.
The major features of the IMNCI are:
- Focus on the newborn care and young infant- since a significant proportion of child mortality is centered in the first few months of life
- Development of protocol and algorithm for home visits by field functionaries like ANMs and AWWs for all newborns in the first week of life.
- Ensuring harmonization between existing health interventions and programmes like ICDS and anti Malaria programmes implemented by agencies other than the Department of Family Welfare that impact child health.
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Vital statistics are statistics that record births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. They are important because they provide information about the size, composition, and health of a population.
Birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. It is a measure of the fertility of a population. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. It is a measure of the mortality of a population. Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. It is a measure of the health of a population. Maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births in a given year. It is a measure of the quality of healthcare in a population. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years that a person is expected to live at birth. It is a measure of the health of a population. Total fertility rate is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime. It is a measure of the fertility of a population. Age structure is the distribution of a population by age. It is a measure of the potential for Population Growth or decline. Sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in a population. It is a measure of the balance between the sexes in a population. Urbanization is the proportion of a population living in urban areas. It is a measure of the level of development of a country. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be internal (within a country) or international. Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population. It can be due to natural increase (births minus deaths) or net migration (immigration minus emigration). Population decline is the decrease in the number of people in a population. It can be due to natural decrease (deaths minus births) or net emigration (emigration minus immigration). Population aging is the increase in the proportion of older people in a population. It is due to a decline in fertility and an increase in life expectancy. Population health is the overall health of a population. It is measured by indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate. Population policy is a government plan to influence the size, composition, and distribution of a population. Population ethics is the study of the moral issues raised by population growth, population decline, and population aging.
Vital statistics are important because they provide information about the size, composition, and health of a population. This information can be used to make decisions about public health, education, and Economic Development.
What is a vital statistic?
A vital statistic is a piece of data that is collected by a government or other organization to track important events in people’s lives, such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces.
What are the different types of vital statistics?
There are many different types of vital statistics, but some of the most common include:
- Births: This includes the date, time, and place of birth, as well as the sex and weight of the baby.
- Deaths: This includes the date, time, and place of death, as well as the cause of death.
- Marriages: This includes the date, time, and place of the marriage, as well as the names of the bride and groom.
- Divorces: This includes the date, time, and place of the divorce, as well as the names of the divorcing couple.
Why are vital statistics important?
Vital statistics are important for a number of reasons. First, they can be used to track population trends. For example, by looking at birth and death rates, we can see how the population is growing or shrinking. Second, vital statistics can be used to study health trends. For example, by looking at death rates from certain diseases, we can see how effective public health programs are. Third, vital statistics can be used to track social trends. For example, by looking at marriage and divorce rates, we can see how people’s attitudes towards marriage are changing.
How are vital statistics collected?
Vital statistics are collected by a variety of methods, including:
- Birth and death certificates: These are legal documents that are filed with the government when a baby is born or someone dies.
- Marriage and divorce records: These are legal documents that are filed with the government when a couple gets married or gets divorced.
- Census data: The census is a survey that is conducted every 10 years by the United States government. The census collects information about the population, including age, sex, race, and ethnicity.
- Survey data: Surveys are conducted by governments, businesses, and other organizations to collect information about people’s lives. Surveys can be used to collect information about a variety of topics, including health, education, and EMPLOYMENT.
What are the benefits of collecting vital statistics?
There are many benefits to collecting vital statistics. Some of the benefits include:
- Improved public health: Vital statistics can be used to track health trends and identify areas where public health programs are needed.
- Improved social services: Vital statistics can be used to track social trends and identify areas where social services are needed.
- Improved research: Vital statistics can be used to conduct research on a variety of topics, including health, education, and employment.
- Improved planning: Vital statistics can be used to plan for the future, such as by planning for the construction of new schools or hospitals.
What are the challenges of collecting vital statistics?
There are a number of challenges associated with collecting vital statistics. Some of the challenges include:
- Underreporting: Not all births, deaths, marriages, and divorces are reported to the government. This can make it difficult to get an accurate picture of what is happening in a population.
- Misreporting: Even when births, deaths, marriages, and divorces are reported, they may not be reported accurately. This can be due to errors in recording or transcription.
- Privacy concerns: Some people are concerned about the privacy of their personal information, such as their date of birth or their marital status. This can make it difficult to collect vital statistics without violating people’s privacy.
What are the future trends in vital statistics collection?
The future of vital statistics collection is likely to be shaped by a number of factors, including technological advances, changes in government policy, and changes in public attitudes. Some of the trends that are likely to emerge in the future include:
- Increased use of technology: Technology is likely to play an increasingly important role in the collection of vital statistics. For example, electronic birth and death certificates are becoming more common, and online surveys are being used to collect information about people’s lives.
- Changes in government policy: Government policy is likely to continue to play a role in the collection of vital statistics. For example, the government may require businesses to report certain information about their employees, such as their date of birth or their marital status.
- Changes in public attitudes: Public attitudes towards the collection of vital statistics are likely to continue to evolve. For example, people may become more concerned about the privacy of their personal information, which could make it more difficult to collect vital statistics without violating people’s privacy.
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The total number of births in a country in a given year is called the:
(a) birth rate
(b) death rate
(c) fertility rate
(d) crude birth rate -
The total number of deaths in a country in a given year is called the:
(a) birth rate
(b) death rate
(c) fertility rate
(d) crude death rate -
The number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year is called the:
(a) birth rate
(b) death rate
(c) fertility rate
(d) crude birth rate -
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year is called the:
(a) birth rate
(b) death rate
(c) fertility rate
(d) crude death rate -
The average number of children that a woman will have in her lifetime is called the:
(a) birth rate
(b) death rate
(c) fertility rate
(d) crude birth rate -
The total number of people living in a country at a given time is called the:
(a) population
(b) birth rate
(c) death rate
(d) fertility rate -
The rate at which the population of a country is increasing is called the:
(a) population growth rate
(b) birth rate
(c) death rate
(d) fertility rate -
The number of people who are living in a country but were born in another country is called the:
(a) immigrant population
(b) emigration population
(c) natural population
(d) resident population -
The number of people who are leaving a country to live in another country is called the:
(a) immigrant population
(b) emigration population
(c) natural population
(d) resident population -
The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a country in a given year is called the:
(a) natural increase
(b) net migration
(c) population growth rate
(d) crude birth rate