<<–2/”>a >b> Demographically it’s the increase in Population of cities and towns ,while sociologically it’s the spread of urban way of life to the country side .
Urbanization in India has occurred more slowly than in other developing countries and the proportion of the population in urban areas has been only 28 per cent based on the 2001 census. The pace of urbanization is now set to accelerate as the country sets to a more rapid Growth. Economic reform has already unleashed Investment and growth offering its citizens rich opportunities. Surging growth and EMPLOYMENT in cities will prove a powerful magnet. 300 million Indians currently live in towns and cities. Within 20-25 years, another 300 million people will get added to Indian towns and cities. This urban expansion will happen at a speed quite unlike anything that India has seen before. It took nearly forty years for India’s urban population to rise by 230 million. It could take only half the time to add the next 250 million. If not well managed, this inevitable increase in India’s urban population will place enormous Stress on the system.
In Census Of India, 2001 two types of town were identified (R.G,2001):
a) Statutory towns : All places with a Municipality, corporation, Cantonment Board or notified town area committee, etc. so declared by state law.
b) Census towns : Places which satisfy following criteria :-
i) a minimum population of 5000 ;
ii) atleast 75% of male working population engaged in non agricultural pursuits; and
iii) a density of population of atleast 400 persons per sq km
Dimensions of urbanization :-
- detrographic – growth of urban population and metropolitan cities .
> pattern of urbanization
> urban -agglomeration (>1 million)
> rapid urbanization or over – urbanization
- Social
– urbanism as a way of life
> distinct Social relationship due to large lense and permanent setlelement of socially heterogeneous individuals.
> effects of city wider than city itself – urban infuence in surrounding area
– primary ( by great tradition ( carry regional traditions) ) & secondary urbanization ( due to industrialization disintisgrate regional tradition by bringing external element to city )
– changing social and economic institutions
> increased secondary & tertiary activities
> visible change in caste system ,joint family ,neighbourshood
> induces ruler urban Migration
Problems of urban areas
- Over – Urbanisation – excessive population pressure on civic amenities ,housing ,etcs
- Inadequate housing – nearly 70 % live in substances housing .
- Unsafe and insufficient water supply
- Pollution
- Inefficien and inadequate transport
- Environmental decay
- Slums – poor housing
– higher density of population
– lack of public utilization – sanitation ,water
– crime , drug abuse , alcoholism , POVERTY ,
prostitution, beggary
– social isolation
- Crime
- Isolation -lack of social interaction
- Mala adjustment
- Power shortage
- Garbage
State policy on urban problem
- Legislation related to urban land and holding
= rent control act ,1948
=urban land ceiling and regulation act ,1976
- Programes of slum clearence & construction of new house
= National Housing Bank ( 7th plan )
- Finance of housing
- Town water supply and swage
- Urban transport
- Master plan for development (2030)
Human role in pollution control
The enhanced pace of developmental activities and rapid urbanization have resulted in stress on natural Resources and Quality Of Life. The trend of increasing pollution in various environmental media is evident from the deteriorating air and water quality, higher noise levels, increasing vehicular emission etc. Realising the urgent need for arresting the trend, Both Central and State Governments have adopted policy for Abatement of Pollution which provides for several mechanisms in the form of regulations, legislation, agreements, fiscal incentives and other measures to prevent and abate pollution. Further, realizing that conventional pollution control approach by treatment at the end of the pipe is not delivering the desired benefits in terms of resource conservation, the thrust has been shifted to pollution prevention and control through promotion of clean and low waste technology, re-use and recycling, natural resource accounting, Environmental Audit and Institutional and Human resource development.
Various techniques to control Air Pollution are:-
- Combustion:- is used for controlling those air pollutants that are in the form of organic gases or vapours. In this technique, the organic air pollutants are subjected to flame combustion technique (also known as catalytic combustion). In this technique, organic pollutants are converted into less harmful products and water vapour.
- Absorption:-is the most commonly used methods, especially for controlling emissions from small sources. It can be physical adsorption or chemisorptions.
- Fabric filters, or baghouses, remove dust from a gas stream by passing the stream through a porous fabric. The fabric filter is efficient at removing fine particles and can exceed efficiencies of 99 percent in most applications.
- Mechanical devices:-There are many mechanical devices that clean the air of pollutants either due to (i) gravity in which the particles settle down by Gravitational Force; or by (ii) sudden change in the direction of gas flow in which particles separate out due to greater momentum.
- Electrostatic precipitators:-is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates.
Environment and human Health; Effects of pollutants on animals and Plants
Human beings are exposed to a variety of chemicals including industrial chemicals, pesticides, air pollutants, natural and man made toxicants etc in the environment through the skin, Respiratory System and gastrointestinal tract that can affect vital body systems such as pulmonary, reproductive and nervous and immune system. Dysfunction of these systems could have far-reaching consequences, which affect individuals and even their progeny from serious health ailments.
Air pollutants can be in the form of particulate matter which can be very harmful to our health. The level of effect usually depends on the length of time of exposure, as well the kind and concentration of chemicals and particles exposed to. Short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Others include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and Emphysema. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly.
Effects of Water Pollution
Waterborne diseases caused by polluted drinking water:
- Typhoid
- Amoebiasis
- Giardiasis
- Ascariasis
- Hookworm
Waterborne diseases caused by polluted beach water:
- Rashes, ear ache, pink eye
- Respiratory infections
- Hepatitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach aches
Conditions related to water polluted by chemicals (such as pesticides, hydrocarbons, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals etc):
- Cancer, incl. prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Hormonal problems that can disrupt reproductive and developmental processes
- Damage to the nervous system
- Liver and kidney damage
- Damage to the DNA
- Exposure to mercury
The impacts on human health from degradation of the environment affect Society not only in terms of loss of quality of life, but also in terms of expenditure on health care, loss of productivity and loss of income.
Urbanisation and Industrial development
Major Environmental problems of unplanned urbanization are:-
1.High rent & land prices: More travel time and release of pollutants due to transport
2.Electricity crisis : Use of generators
3.Slums Sewage
4.Gardens & buildings,
Urbanization is the process of increasing the number of people living in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon that has been happening for centuries, but it has accelerated in recent decades. The United Nations estimates that by 2050, more than two-thirds of the world’s population will be living in urban areas.
There are many factors that contribute to urbanization, including Economic Development, technological advances, and Population Growth. Economic development leads to the growth of cities as people move to urban areas in search of jobs and opportunities. Technological advances, such as the development of the automobile and the Internet, have made it easier for people to live in urban areas. And population growth, which is happening in both developed and developing countries, is putting a strain on resources and Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE-in-rural-areas/”>Infrastructure in Rural Areas, leading people to move to cities.
Urbanization has both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, cities are centers of economic activity and innovation. They offer a wide range of jobs, amenities, and cultural opportunities. And they can be more efficient in terms of resource use than rural areas. On the negative side, cities can be overcrowded, polluted, and crime-ridden. They can also be environmentally unsustainable, as they consume large amounts of resources and generate a lot of pollution.
There are a number of challenges that need to be addressed in order to manage urbanization in a sustainable way. These include:
- Congestion and pollution: Cities are often congested and polluted, which can have a negative impact on public health.
- Inequality: Cities can be very unequal places, with a large gap between the rich and the poor.
- Environmental sustainability: Cities consume large amounts of resources and generate a lot of pollution.
- Social and political unrest: Rapid urbanization can lead to social and political unrest.
There are a number of things that can be done to address these challenges, including:
- Investing in public transportation: Public transportation can help to reduce congestion and pollution.
- Promoting Sustainable Development: Sustainable development can help to reduce environmental impact and improve quality of life.
- Reducing inequality: Reducing inequality can help to create more stable and inclusive cities.
- Strengthening governance: Strengthening governance can help to address social and political unrest.
Urbanization is a complex issue with no easy solutions. However, by addressing the challenges that it poses, we can create more sustainable and livable cities for all.
Industrialization is the process of transforming an economy from one based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing. It is a complex process that involves the development of new technologies, the creation of new industries, and the growth of cities.
The Industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and North America in the 19th century. It was characterized by the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine and the power loom, the creation of new industries, such as textiles and iron and steel, and the growth of cities.
The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on society. It led to the growth of cities, the rise of a new middle class, and the development of new social problems, such as poverty and pollution.
The Industrial Revolution also had a significant impact on the environment. It led to the Depletion Of Natural Resources, the pollution of air and water, and the destruction of Ecosystems.
The Industrial Revolution is still ongoing, and it is having a major impact on the world today. It is leading to the development of new technologies, the creation of new industries, and the growth of cities in developing countries. It is also having a major impact on the environment, as it is leading to the depletion of natural resources, the pollution of air and water, and the destruction of ecosystems.
Pollution control is the process of preventing or reducing the release of pollutants into the environment. It can be done through a variety of methods, including:
- Emissions control: This involves controlling the release of pollutants from sources such as factories, power plants, and vehicles.
- Waste Management: This involves managing and disposing of waste in a way that does not harm the environment.
- Recycling: This involves collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away and turning them into new products.
- Reuse: This involves using materials over and over again, rather than throwing them away.
- Composting: This involves turning organic waste, such as food scraps and yard waste, into compost, which can be used as a Soil amendment.
- Energy recovery: This involves using waste to generate energy, such as electricity or heat.
Pollution control is important because it helps to protect human health and the environment. Pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, including respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. They can also damage ecosystems, leading to the loss of Biodiversity-2/”>Biodiversity and the degradation of natural resources.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about urbanization, industrialization, and pollution control:
-
What is urbanization?
Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural areas to cities. It is a global trend that has been happening for centuries. -
What are the causes of urbanization?
There are many factors that contribute to urbanization, including economic development, technological advances, and population growth. -
What are the effects of urbanization?
Urbanization can have both positive and negative effects. On the positive side, it can lead to economic growth, job creation, and cultural diversity. On the negative side, it can lead to overcrowding, pollution, and social problems. -
What is industrialization?
Industrialization is the process of transforming a country’s economy from one based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing. It is a key stage in the development of a country. -
What are the causes of industrialization?
The causes of industrialization are complex and varied. However, some of the key factors include the development of new technologies, the availability of natural resources, and the growth of markets. -
What are the effects of industrialization?
Industrialization can have both positive and negative effects. On the positive side, it can lead to economic growth, job creation, and Technological Progress. On the negative side, it can lead to pollution, Environmental Degradation, and social problems. -
What is pollution control?
Pollution control is the process of preventing or reducing the release of pollutants into the environment. It is a key part of protecting human health and the environment. -
What are the methods of pollution control?
There are many different methods of pollution control, including:- Emissions control: This involves reducing the amount of pollutants that are released into the environment.
- Wastewater treatment: This involves treating wastewater before it is released into the environment.
- Recycling: This involves converting waste materials into new products.
- Landfills: This involves disposing of waste materials in a safe and environmentally friendly manner.
-
What are the benefits of pollution control?
The benefits of pollution control include:- Improved human health: Pollution can cause a variety of health problems, including respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. Pollution control can help to reduce the risk of these health problems.
- Improved environmental quality: Pollution can damage the environment, including air, water, and land. Pollution control can help to protect the environment.
- Economic benefits: Pollution can damage the economy, both through the costs of health care and the costs of environmental damage. Pollution control can help to reduce these costs.
-
What are the challenges of pollution control?
The challenges of pollution control include:- The cost of pollution control: Pollution control can be expensive, both in terms of the initial investment and the ongoing costs of operation.
- The difficulty of controlling pollution: Pollution can come from a variety of sources, and it can be difficult to control all of these sources.
- The resistance of some industries to pollution control: Some industries may resist pollution control because it can increase their costs.
Despite the challenges, pollution control is an important part of protecting human health and the environment. By working together, we can make progress in reducing pollution and improving the quality of our lives.
-
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to pollution?
(A) Population growth
(B) Industrialization
(C) Urbanization
(D) Deforestation -
Which of the following is the most common type of pollution?
(A) Air pollution
(B) Water pollution
(C) Land pollution
(D) Noise Pollution -
Which of the following is the most effective way to control pollution?
(A) Reduce emissions
(B) Recycle
(C) Reuse
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is a negative effect of pollution?
(A) Climate change
(B) Acid Rain
(C) Ozone Depletion
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is a positive effect of pollution?
(A) None of the above -
Which of the following is a way to reduce your impact on pollution?
(A) Drive less
(B) Recycle
(C) Use less energy
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is a way to clean up pollution?
(A) Install air filters
(B) Plant trees
(C) Clean up litter
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is a government agency that is responsible for pollution control?
(A) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
(B) The Department of Energy (DOE)
(C) The Department of the Interior (DOI)
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that is working to reduce pollution?
(A) The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
(B) Greenpeace
(C) The Nature Conservancy
(D) All of the above -
Which of the following is a treaty that is designed to reduce pollution?
(A) The Montreal Protocol
(B) The Kyoto Protocol
(C) The Paris Agreement
(D) All of the above