Urbanisation

Introduction

Urban areas have been recognized as “engines of inclusive economic Growth”. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas, i.e approx 32 % of the Population. The Census Of India, 2011 defines urban settlement as :-

All the places which have Municipality, corporation, Cantonment Board or notified town area committee

All the other places which satisfy following criteria :

A minimum population of 5000 persons
At least 75 % of male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
A density of population of at least 400 persons per square kilometer
The first category of urban units are known as Statutory town. These town are notified under law by respective State/UT government and have local bodies like Municipal Corporation, municipality, etc, irrespective of demographic characteristics. For example- Vadodara (Municipal corporation), Shimla (Municipal corporation)
The second category of towns is known as Census Town. These were identified on the basis of census 2001 data.Cities are urban areas with more than 100,000 population. Urban areas below 100,000 are called towns in India.

Trends supporting urbanisation in India

Here are some key points regarding Urbanization and Planning in India:

Private cities are now expanding due to the support of private companies. Private developers are building private housing projects that will exponentially grow in the years to come.
The Delhi-Mumbai Corridor is an Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE program set to develop ‘Smart Cities’ and combine next-generation technology with infrastructural development.
The transport and Logistics sector of India underlines the importance of interconnecting the different modes of transportation: road, rail, sea and air. An efficient multi-modal system is relevant in the development and successful growth of the infrastructural systems.
Special Economic Zones dot the landscape of India. Each of these zones is focused on a particular sector such as IT, apparel and fashion, or petroleum and petrochemical industries.
Industrial townships are built to house employees close to the factories and manufacturing Plants at which they work. After the success of the pioneering industrial Township – Tata’s Steel Town – the government is planning on developing more like it.
India’s expected economic growth opens up expansion prospects for Indian Airports. Domestic and international passengers are inevitably predicted to double in number in the years to come

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Causes of Urbanisation:

Various reasons have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows:

i. Industrialization:

Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has expanded the EMPLOYMENT opportunities. Rural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.

ii. Social factors:

Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities.

iii. Employment opportunities:

In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian Agriculture is depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities.

iv. Modernization:

Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, Communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.

Rural urban transformation:

It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their unique rural culture. Rural people are following the material culture of urban people. Urban rural transformation can be observed in the following areas.

Spread of Education:

The Literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised.

Change in Dress habits.
Adoption of modern Technology
Enlightenment of Women.
Modern transport and communication. E.g.: Cell phones have become common even among rural people.
Active involvement in politics.
Growth of infrastructure like Banks, Post office.
Awareness among rural consumers.
Increasing demand for sophisticated products like cosmetics etc.

Thus it can be noticed that there are significant changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages have adopted urban culture and urban style of living. However, all villages in India are not transformed. Only certain villages situated close to the cities have been transformed.

Effect of Urbanisation:

With a high rate of urbanization significant changes have taken place. The effect of urbanisation can be summed up as follows:

Positive effect:

Migration of rural people to urban areas.
Employment opportunities in urban centres.
Transport and communication facilities.
Educational facilities.
Increase in the standard of living.

Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows:

Problem of over population:

Concentration of population is a major problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of slums etc.

Disintegration of Joint family:

Joint family can’t be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living: People prefer to live in the nuclear type of families.

iii. Cost of living:

High cost of living is a major problem of cities. In Metro cities like Mumbai, Bangalore etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.

Increase in Crime rates:

Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes. Theft, Dacoity, Murder, Cheating, Pick pocketing, rape etc. are common in urban centres.

Impersonal relations:

Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community life are almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings.

Problem of Pollution:

In industrialized cities pollution is a major problems. It may be caused by industries or by excessive movement of vehicles.

viii. Stress:

Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. Changing role of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization can’t be avoided. But the negative effect of urbanization can be minimised.

challenges in urban development
Institutional challenges

Urban Governance

74th amendment act has been implemented half-heartedly by the states, which has not fully empowered the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). ULBs comprise of municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats, which are to be supported by state governments to manage the urban development. For this , ULBs need clear delegation of functions, financial Resources and autonomy. At present urban governance needs improvement for urban development, which can be done by enhancing technology, administrative and managerial capacity of ULBs.

Planning

Planning is mainly centralized and till now the state planning boards and commissions have not come out with any specific planning strategies an depend on Planning Commission for it. This is expected to change in present government, as planning commission has been abolished and now focus is on empowering the states and strengthening the federal structure.
In fact for big cities the plans have become outdated and do not reflect the concern of urban local dwellers, this needs to be take care by Metropolitan Planning Committee as per provisions of 74th amendment act. Now the planning needs to be decentralized and participatory to accommodate the needs of the urban dwellers.
Also there is lack of human resource for undertaking planning on full scale. State planning departments and national planning institutions lack qualified planning professional. Need is to expand the scope of planners from physical to integrated planning- Land use, infrastructure, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, risk reduction, economic productivity and financial diversity.

Finances

Major challenge is of revenue generation with the ULBs. This problem can be analyzed form two perspectives. First, the states have not given enough autonomy to ULBs to generate revenues and Second in some case the ULBs have failed to utilize even those tax and fee powers that they have been vested with.
There are two sources of municipal revenue i.e. municipal own revenue and assigned revenue. Municipal own revenue are generated by municipal own revenue through taxes and fee levied by them. Assigned revenues are those which are assigned to local governments by higher tier of government.
There is need to broaden the user charge fee for water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal. Since these are the goods which have a private characteristics and no public spill over, so charging user fee will be feasible and will improve the revenue of ULBs , along with periodic revision. Once the own revenue generating capacity of the cities will improve, they can easily get loans from the banks. At present due to lack of revenue generation capabilities, banks don’t give loan to ULBs for further development. For financing urban projects, Municipal Bonds are also famous, which work on the concept of pooled financing.

Regulator

There is exponential increase in the real estate, encroaching the agricultural lands. Also the rates are very high, which are not affordable and other irregularities are also in practice. For this, we need regulator, which can make level playing field and will be instrumental for affordable housing and checking corrupt practices in Real estate sector.

Infrastructural challenges

Housing

Housing provision for the growing urban population will be the biggest challenge before the government. The growing cost of houses comparison to the income of the urban middle class, has made it impossible for majority of lower income groups and are residing in congested accommodation and many of those are devoid of proper ventilation, lighting, water supply, sewage system, etc. For instance in Delhi, the current estimate is of a shortage of 5,00,000 dwelling units the coming decades. The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) introduced the concept of “Housing POVERTY” which includes “Individuals and households who lack safe, secure and healthy shelter, with basic infrastructure such as piped water and adequate provision for sanitation, drainage and the removal of household waste”.

Safe drinking water

The safe drinking water sources are also found to be contaminated because of water in the cities are inadequate and in the future, the expected population cannot be accommodated without a drastic improvement in the availability of water. The expenses on water treatment and reuse will grow manifold.

Sanitation

The poor sanitation condition is another gloomy feature in urban areas and particularly in slums and unauthorized colonies of urban areas. The Drainage System in many unorganized colonies and slums are either not existing and if existing are in a bad shape and in bits resulting in blockage of waste water. This unsanitary conditions lead to many sanitation related diseases such as diahorrea and malaria. Unsafe garbage disposal is one of the critical problem in urban areas and garbage management always remained a major challenge.

Health conditions

The important indicators of Human Development are educationand health. The health condition of urban poor in some areas are even more adverse compared to rural areas. As many as 20 million children in the developing countries are dying consequent to drinking water. About 6, 00,000 persons are losing their lives on account of indoor Air Pollution (Jagmohan, 2005).
The National Family Health Survey, 2006-07 has envisaged that a lot of women and children are suffering from nutritional anaemia and diseases like tuberculosis and asthma are occurring in good number. Providing health care Services to the growing urban population is major challenge before the government health care delivery system.
They have to take the help of private players as public health facilities are poor. In case of migrants, they cannot take the benefit of government policies, so they have to pay very high charges, which keep them in the vicious cycle of poverty. Urban education system also is becoming elite in private institution due to limited seats and high charged fee. The condition of public educational institution is dismal.

Urban public transport

As high income individual are buying more private vehicle and use less public transport. Such huge number of vehicles in cities is causing more traffic jam, which in turn decreases the efficiency of public transport. Also the penetration of public transport is less, which make people use private vehicle. Public transport
is less disabled friendly. There is also lack of infrastructure and poor maintenance of existing public transport infrastructure

Opportunities in India’s urban infrastructure

In order to face the challenges of urbanization, infrastructures need to be improved. Unfortunately, rapid Population Growth and a lack of adequate Investment is making urban infrastructure growth slow.

Affordable Housing in India

India is facing a house shortage in urban areas at the moment and more housing would be required in order to meet future demand. This demand comes from the economically weaker section due to lack of housing policies. Some parts in India have introduced public-private-PARTNERSHIP policies, which have led to the development of housing.

Transport business opportunities in India

Private mode of transport is dominant in India. There is a heavy reliance on private transport that has led to the congestion of roads and increasing commuting time and pollution. Road networks therefore need to increase because of the influx of these vehicles.
On a separate note, public mode of transport is gradually decreasing in terms of popularity.
In an effort to improve the urban transport situation in India, new metro rail networks have been developed.

Water and wastewater management in India

The water supply in India faces several issues and the water and wastewater management in the country needs to be improved. The government though has made initiatives to improve water supplies establishing projects for selected areas.
Sewage and sanitation is also facing a dilemma in India at the moment. Nevertheless, projects to further improve this is currently a work in progress.

Power and power infrastructure requirements in India

Increasing urbanization has led to increasing demand in energy consumption. India greatly needs to increase their power-generating capacity and develop new ways of generating power

Urbanization is the process of increasing urbanization, or the growth of urban areas. It is typically measured as the Percentage of people living in urban areas. Urbanization has been a major trend in human history, and it is expected to continue in the future.

There are many factors that contribute to urbanization. One factor is Economic Development. As countries develop economically, people tend to move to cities in search of jobs and opportunities. Another factor is technological change. Improvements in transportation and communication have made it easier for people to live in cities.

Urbanization has both positive and negative effects. On the positive side, urbanization can lead to economic growth, innovation, and cultural diversity. On the negative side, urbanization can lead to problems such as pollution, crime, and traffic congestion.

There are a number of ways to address the challenges of urbanization. One way is to improve urban planning. This can involve developing more efficient transportation systems, building more affordable housing, and creating more green spaces. Another way to address the challenges of urbanization is to promote Sustainable Development. This can involve investing in RENEWABLE ENERGY, reducing waste, and protecting the Environment.

Urbanization is a complex issue with no easy solutions. However, by understanding the causes and effects of urbanization, we can develop strategies to manage it in a way that benefits all.

Urban sprawl is the expansion of human settlements into previously rural areas. It is characterized by low-density development, automobile dependence, and a lack of public transportation. Urban sprawl has a number of negative effects, including increased traffic congestion, air pollution, and loss of open space.

Suburbanization is the process of people moving from cities to suburbs. It is typically driven by a desire for more space, a better Quality Of Life, and lower taxes. Suburbanization has a number of negative effects, including increased traffic congestion, air pollution, and sprawl.

Gentrification is the process of renovating and rebuilding inner-city neighborhoods, often displacing low-income residents. It is typically driven by a desire for more affordable housing, a better quality of life, and proximity to urban amenities. Gentrification has a number of positive effects, such as improving the quality of life in inner-city neighborhoods. However, it also has a number of negative effects, such as displacement of low-income residents and increased property values.

Counterurbanization is the process of people moving from cities to rural areas. It is typically driven by a desire for a slower pace of life, a better quality of life, and lower costs of living. Counterurbanization has a number of positive effects, such as revitalizing rural areas and reducing urban sprawl. However, it also has a number of negative effects, such as loss of jobs and services in rural areas.

Deurbanization is the process of a city or region losing population. It is typically driven by a number of factors, including economic decline, suburbanization, and counterurbanization. Deurbanization has a number of negative effects, such as increased poverty, crime, and Unemployment.

Urban ECOLOGY is the study of the interactions between humans and the environment in urban areas. It is a relatively new field of study, and there is still much to learn about how cities function and how they can be made more sustainable.

Urban planning is the process of designing and developing cities. It is a complex process that involves a number of different stakeholders, including government officials, businesses, and residents. The goal of urban planning is to create cities that are safe, healthy, and sustainable.

Urban design is the process of shaping the physical form of cities. It is a subfield of urban planning that focuses on the aesthetic and functional aspects of cities. The goal of urban design is to create cities that are attractive, livable, and walkable.

Urban economics is the study of the economic aspects of cities. It is a subfield of economics that focuses on the factors that affect the growth and development of cities. The goal of urban economics is to understand how cities work and how they can be made more prosperous.

Urban Sociology is the study of the social aspects of cities. It is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the social problems and issues that arise in cities. The goal of urban sociology is to understand how cities work and how they can be made more livable.

Urban anthropology is the study of the cultural aspects of cities. It is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the ways in which people live in cities. The goal of urban anthropology is to understand how cities work and how they can be made more culturally diverse.

Urban history is the study of the history of cities. It is a subfield of history that focuses on the development of cities over time. The goal of urban history is to understand how cities have changed and how they have shaped the world.

Urban geography is the study of the geography of cities. It is a subfield of geography that focuses on the physical and human characteristics of cities. The goal of urban geography is

What is the difference between a city and a town?

A city is a large human settlement. It is larger than a town and has a more developed infrastructure. Cities are usually centers of commerce, Industry, and culture.

A town is a smaller human settlement than a city. It has a less developed infrastructure than a city and is usually not a center of commerce, industry, or culture.

What are the benefits of urbanization?

Urbanization can bring many benefits, including:

Increased economic opportunities: Cities are often centers of commerce and industry, which can provide residents with more job opportunities.
Improved access to services: Cities typically have better access to healthcare, education, and other services than rural areas.
More cultural and recreational opportunities: Cities offer a wider variety of cultural and recreational activities than rural areas.

What are the challenges of urbanization?

Urbanization can also bring some challenges, including:

Increased pollution: Cities often have higher levels of air and Water Pollution than rural areas.
Traffic congestion: Cities can be very congested, which can make it difficult to get around.
Overcrowding: Cities can be very crowded, which can lead to problems such as noise and crime.

What are some of the ways to address the challenges of urbanization?

There are a number of ways to address the challenges of urbanization, including:

Investing in public transportation: This can help to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.
Developing sustainable cities: This can involve building more green spaces, using renewable energy, and reducing waste.
Promoting social inclusion: This can help to ensure that all residents of cities have access to opportunities and services.

What is the future of urbanization?

The world is becoming increasingly urbanized. By 2050, it is estimated that more than two-thirds of the world’s population will live in cities. This rapid urbanization will pose a number of challenges, but it also presents a number of opportunities. It is important to develop policies and strategies that can help to ensure that urbanization is sustainable and inclusive.

Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to urbanisation?
(A) Natural disasters
(B) Economic development
(C) Technological advancement
(D) Political instability
Which of the following is a negative effect of urbanisation?
(A) Increased crime rates
(B) Decreased air quality
(C) Increased traffic congestion
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a positive effect of urbanisation?
(A) Increased job opportunities
(B) Increased access to education and healthcare
(C) Increased cultural diversity
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the most populous city in the world?
(A) Tokyo
(B) Delhi
(C) Shanghai
(D) Mexico City
Which of the following is the least populous city in the world?
(A) Pitcairn Islands
(B) Tuvalu
(C) Nauru
(D) Vatican City
Which of the following is the fastest growing city in the world?
(A) Lagos
(B) Kinshasa
(C) Dhaka
(D) Delhi
Which of the following is the most sustainable city in the world?
(A) Copenhagen
(B) Stockholm
(C) Oslo
(D) Amsterdam
Which of the following is the least sustainable city in the world?
(A) Riyadh
(B) Dubai
(C) Abu Dhabi
(D) Doha
Which of the following is the most polluted city in the world?
(A) Delhi
(B) Beijing
(C) Cairo
(D) Dhaka
Which of the following is the least polluted city in the world?
(A) Zurich
(B) Geneva
(C) Oslo
(D) Stockholm