The Protection of civil Rights Act, 1955 (No. 22 of 1955)
The practice of untouchability in Society/”>Indian Society is an attribute of the hierarchical stratification of society into castes. On the one hand, the Vedic use the term “varna” (colour) to denote caste seems to indicate that the caste system began as a result of racial differences between people. On the other, the characteristic feature of the caste system is also its categorisation of the pure and the impure based on religious beliefs and division of labour. While many authors argue that the concept of an untouchable caste did not exist in the initial stages of the caste system, at some point in history, the concept of untouchability did become “a historical cohort of the caste system, but not its essence.”
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Numerous policies and laws have been made over the years to tackle the issue of untouchability. This Study attempts at studying one legislative attempt in this regard, viz., the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (PCRA). The basic difficulties of studying and improving the use of law as a tool of directed Social Change results from the fact that law by itself is the only component of a large set of policy instruments and usually cannot and is not used by itself. This caveat should be kept in mind while dealing with the problem of untouchability. The recommendations and suggestions made in this Study are solely in Light of the problems faced in the provisions and implementation of the PCRA. These recommendations will have little effect if implemented in isolation, and without the backing of other policy measures.
The following Acts are punishable under Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955:
Disability to practice Religion: Anyone who stops any person on ground of Untouchability in any of the following ways:
- To enter into the place of worship where any other person of the same religion is allowed
- To worship, to offer prayers or to perform any religious ceremony or offer any religious service or bath at worship place or to use water from the sacred tank, spring well or from any other source, in the same manner as any other person of same religion is allowed to do.
Such person shall be punished with the imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Social Disabilities: Whoever discriminates any person on the ground of Untouchability in any way such as:
- Access to shop, hotel, restaurant, place of public entertainment ;
- Use of utensil which are provided in the hotels, dharamshala or any other public place for the use of general public or for a specific class of people;
- To practice any profession or carry out any of the occupation, business or trade;
- The use of water from spring well, tank, river, stream, water taps or any water place, or stops using bathing ghat, sanitary convenience, burial or cremation ground, road, passage or other thing meant for general public.
Such person shall be punished with the imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Refusing Admission: Whoever on the ground of Untouchability denies a person admission or discriminates the person after admission in the following places: Hospital, Educational Institution, Hostel or any other public places.
Such person Shall be punished with the imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Refusing to sell goods or render service: Whoever on the ground of Untouchability refuses or discriminates a person in selling goods or in rendering Services with the same terms and conditions in which they rendered to the general public in the ordinary course of business.
Such person Shall be punished with the imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Compulsory Labour : Whoever compels any person to Sweep, scavenge, or to remove any carcass or to flay any animal or to remove the umbilical cord or to do any other job of a similar nature.
Such person shall be deemed to have practice “Untouchability” and shall be punished with the imprisonment for the term of atleast three months but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Other Offences : Such person shall be punishable under law who does any of the following:
- Prevents any person from acquiring rights provided under Art 17 of the Constitution of India; or,
- Molests, insults, boycotts30 or create an obstruction in exercising the right; or
- Molests, insults, boycotts any person who has exercised his rights; or
- By any manner, spoken or written encourages or incites31 any person to practice “Untouchability”; or
- Insults or attempts to insult any person on the ground of “Untouchability”
Such person shall be punished with the imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Offences done by Company: If any person who on the behalf of the Company has practiced “Untouchability”; or ii. If the Director, Manager, Secretary or any other official of the Company would have practiced “Untouchability”.
Such person may be Director, Manager, Secretary or any other Official of the Company shall be deemed to be guilty on behalf of the Company and shall be prosecuted for the offence.
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The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was a United States federal law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, federally funded programs, and EMPLOYMENT. The law was passed by the 84th United States Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 2, 1957.
The law was the first major civil rights legislation since the Reconstruction Era, and it was a significant step forward in the fight for Equality for African Americans. The law was met with resistance in some parts of the country, but it ultimately helped to break down the barriers of segregation and discrimination.
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, had a number of important provisions. One provision outlawed discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels, restaurants, and theaters. Another provision outlawed discrimination in federally funded programs, such as schools and hospitals. A third provision created the Civil Rights Commission, which was charged with investigating and reporting on civil rights violations.
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was a landmark piece of legislation that helped to advance the cause of civil rights in the United States. The law was a significant step forward in the fight for equality for African Americans, and it helped to break down the barriers of segregation and discrimination.
Public accommodations
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, outlawed discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels, restaurants, and theaters. This meant that businesses could not refuse service to people based on their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The law also required businesses to provide equal access to their facilities and services.
The public accommodations provision of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was a major victory for the civil rights movement. It helped to break down the barriers of segregation and discrimination in public places, and it made it easier for African Americans to participate in American society.
Federally funded programs
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, also outlawed discrimination in federally funded programs, such as schools and hospitals. This meant that the federal government could not provide funding to programs that discriminated against people based on their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The law also required programs to provide equal access to their services.
The federally funded programs provision of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was another major victory for the civil rights movement. It helped to ensure that all Americans, regardless of their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, had equal access to government services.
Employment
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, also outlawed discrimination in employment. This meant that employers could not refuse to hire or fire people based on their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The law also required employers to provide equal pay for equal work.
The employment provision of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was a major victory for the civil rights movement. It helped to break down the barriers of segregation and discrimination in the workplace, and it made it easier for African Americans to get and keep jobs.
Civil Rights Commission
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, created the Civil Rights Commission, which was charged with investigating and reporting on civil rights violations. The commission was also responsible for recommending ways to improve civil rights laws.
The Civil Rights Commission was a major victory for the civil rights movement. It helped to shine a light on the problem of discrimination, and it made recommendations that helped to improve civil rights laws.
Enforcement
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was enforced by the United States Department of Justice. The department could file lawsuits against businesses and individuals who violated the law. The department could also bring criminal charges against people who violated the law.
The enforcement of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was a major victory for the civil rights movement. It helped to ensure that the law was actually being followed, and it made it more difficult for people to discriminate against others.
Impact
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, had a major impact on the civil rights movement. It helped to break down the barriers of segregation and discrimination, and it made it easier for African Americans to participate in American society. The law also helped to improve civil rights laws and enforcement.
Legacy
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, is a landmark piece of legislation that helped to advance the cause of civil rights in the United States. The law is still in effect today, and it continues to protect the rights of all Americans.
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
What are some of the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, Education, and federal funding. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the law.
What was the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had a profound impact on American society. It helped to end segregation and discrimination in public places, and it opened up new opportunities for African Americans and other minorities. The law also helped to improve the lives of Women and other marginalized groups.
What are some of the challenges that remain in the fight for civil rights?
Despite the progress that has been made since the Civil Rights Act of 1964, there are still many challenges that remain in the fight for civil rights. Discrimination still exists in many areas of American life, including employment, housing, and education. In addition, many people continue to face discrimination based on their race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.
What can we do to continue the fight for civil rights?
There are many things that we can do to continue the fight for civil rights. We can educate ourselves about the history of civil rights and the challenges that still exist. We can also support organizations that are working to promote civil rights. And we can speak out against discrimination whenever we see it.
What is the importance of voting?
Voting is one of the most important ways that we can exercise our civil rights. When we vote, we are choosing the people who will represent us in government. We are also sending a message about what we believe in. Voting is a powerful tool that we can use to make a difference in our communities and our country.
What are some of the ways that we can get involved in the political process?
There are many ways that we can get involved in the political process. We can vote, volunteer for a campaign, donate to a candidate or organization, or run for office ourselves. We can also contact our elected officials to let them know our views on important issues.
What are some of the challenges that face our Democracy?
Our democracy faces many challenges, including voter suppression, gerrymandering, and the influence of Money in politics. We must work to overcome these challenges so that our democracy can thrive.
What can we do to strengthen our democracy?
There are many things that we can do to strengthen our democracy. We can register to vote and vote in every election. We can volunteer for a campaign or donate to a candidate or organization. We can contact our elected officials to let them know our views on important issues. And we can hold our elected officials accountable for their actions.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed by Congress to:
(A) Grant Citizenship-2/”>Citizenship to all persons born in the United States, regardless of race or color.
(B) Guarantee all citizens equal protection under the law.
(C) Outlaw discrimination in public accommodations.
(D) Authorize the federal government to enforce civil rights laws. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was passed by Congress to:
(A) Grant citizenship to all persons born in the United States, regardless of race or color.
(B) Guarantee all citizens equal protection under the law.
(C) Outlaw discrimination in public accommodations.
(D) Authorize the federal government to enforce civil rights laws. -
The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the constitutionality of:
(A) Segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
(B) The Civil Rights Act of 1875.
(C) The Voting Rights Act of 1965.
(D) The Civil Rights Act of 1957. -
The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court case overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision by ruling that:
(A) Segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine was unconstitutional.
(B) The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional.
(C) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was unconstitutional.
(D) The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was unconstitutional. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress to:
(A) Outlaw discrimination in public accommodations.
(B) Authorize the federal government to enforce civil rights laws.
(C) End segregation in public schools.
(D) All of the above. -
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed by Congress to:
(A) Outlaw discrimination in voting.
(B) Authorize the federal government to enforce voting rights laws.
(C) End Literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices.
(D) All of the above. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first major civil rights legislation since the Reconstruction era. It was passed by Congress to:
(A) Outlaw discrimination in public accommodations.
(B) Authorize the federal government to enforce civil rights laws.
(C) End segregation in public schools.
(D) All of the above. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was passed by Congress to:
(A) Outlaw discrimination in housing.
(B) Authorize the federal government to enforce housing discrimination laws.
(C) End segregation in public schools.
(D) All of the above. -
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established by Congress in 1964 to:
(A) Enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
(B) Enforce the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
(C) Enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
(D) All of the above. -
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed by Congress in 1990 to:
(A) Outlaw discrimination against people with disabilities.
(B) Authorize the federal government to enforce disability discrimination laws.
(C) Provide access to public accommodations and employment for people with disabilities.
(D) All of the above.