Notes and Study material for Exams
International Cooperation: A Vital Force in a Globalized World The world today is more interconnected than ever before. Global challenges like climate change, pandemics, and economic instability transcend national borders, demanding collective action and cooperation. International cooperation, therefore, is not just a diplomatic nicety but a crucial necessity for addressing these complex issues and ensuring … Read more
Tax Expenditures: Hidden Subsidies in Plain Sight Tax expenditures, often referred to as “tax breaks” or “tax loopholes,” are provisions in the tax code that reduce tax liability for specific individuals, businesses, or industries. They deviate from the standard tax system by offering preferential treatment, effectively providing a subsidy through the tax system. While seemingly … Read more
Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs): Navigating the Global Investment Landscape Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) play a pivotal role in shaping the global financial landscape. These entities, ranging from pension funds and insurance companies to mutual funds and hedge funds, allocate capital across international borders, influencing market dynamics and driving economic growth. This article delves into the … Read more
Enhancing Governance: Capacity Development of Local Bodies Introduction Local bodies, encompassing municipalities, district councils, and other forms of decentralized governance, play a crucial role in delivering public services, promoting economic development, and fostering citizen participation. Their effectiveness hinges on their capacity to perform these functions efficiently and effectively. However, many local bodies face significant challenges … Read more
The following are the subtopics of National Treatment: Definition History WTO Agreement on Trade in Goods WTO Agreement on Trade in Services GATS National Treatment Commitments Exceptions to National Treatment Enforcement of National Treatment The Future of National Treatment Definition National treatment is a principle of international trade law that requires countries to treat imported … Read more
The G20 is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors of 20 major economies. The forum was established in 1999 to discuss major issues related to the global economy. The G20 members are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, … Read more
Here is a list of subtopics without any description for Public-Private Participation InvestmentInvestment Model (PPP): PPP Project Cycle PPP Procurement PPP Risk Allocation PPP Financial Structuring PPP Contractual Arrangements PPP Performance Management PPP Evaluation PPP Trends PPP Case Studies PPP Resources Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are a type of collaboration between the public and private sectors … Read more
Here is a list of subtopics without any description for Strategic DisinvestmentDisinvestment: Objectives of strategic disinvestment Process of strategic disinvestment Methods of strategic disinvestment Benefits of strategic disinvestment Challenges of strategic disinvestment Case studies of strategic disinvestment Future of strategic disinvestment I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions. Strategic … Read more
Outcome Budgeting: A Framework for Results-Oriented Public Spending Outcome budgeting is a modern approach to public finance that prioritizes the achievement of desired outcomes over the mere allocation of funds. It shifts the focus from inputs and activities to the impact of public spending on the lives of citizens. This approach aims to improve the … Read more
The Power of Collective Investment: A Deep Dive into Mutual Funds Mutual funds are a cornerstone of modern investing, offering individuals a powerful tool to diversify their portfolios and achieve their financial goals. This article delves into the intricacies of mutual funds, exploring their structure, benefits, risks, and how they can be a valuable component … Read more