Notes and Study material for Exams
Tax Expenditures: Hidden Subsidies in Plain Sight Tax expenditures, often referred to as “tax breaks” or “tax loopholes,” are provisions in the tax code that reduce tax liability for specific individuals, businesses, or industries. They deviate from the standard tax system by offering preferential treatment, effectively providing a subsidy through the tax system. While seemingly … Read more
SHREYAS Scheme: Fostering Entrepreneurship and Empowerment for SC/ST Students Introduction India, a nation brimming with entrepreneurial spirit, has witnessed a surge in startups and small businesses in recent years. However, the journey to entrepreneurship remains challenging, especially for students from Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) communities. These communities often face systemic barriers, including … Read more
MNREGA and community power structure Several rural development programmes were initiated in India during 1950s and 1960s. These programmes, popularly known as community development programmes, regarded rural people as beneficiaries but not participants in the development process. They were centrally designed and were implemented by extension agents using a top-down mode of decision-making. Those agents … Read more
The effects of attitudes on behaviors is a growing research enterprise within psychology. Icek Ajzen has led research and helped develop two prominent theoretical approaches within this field: the theory of reasoned action and, its theoretical descendant, the theory of planned behavior. Both theories help explain the link between Attitude and behavior as a … Read more
The term Sustainable Growth became prominent after the World Conservation Strategy Presented in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Brundland Report(1987) define Sustainable Development as the a process which seek to meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation … Read more
The Importance of Citizenship: A Foundation for a Just and Prosperous Society Citizenship, a concept often taken for granted, is the cornerstone of a functioning and equitable society. It encompasses a complex web of rights, responsibilities, and privileges that bind individuals to their nation-state. This article delves into the multifaceted importance of citizenship, exploring its … Read more
Empowering Through Education: The Power of Training Communities Introduction In a world marked by rapid technological advancements and ever-evolving societal landscapes, the need for continuous learning and skill development has become paramount. Education is no longer confined to traditional classrooms; it has evolved into a dynamic and accessible force that empowers individuals and communities alike. … Read more
Social Audit “Social Auditing is defined as a systematic attempt to identify, analyse, measure (if possible), evaluate, and monitor the effect of an organisation’s operations on Society (that is, specific social groups) and on the public well-being.” Social audit as a term was used as far back as the 1950s. In a nutshell, it refers … Read more
youth unrest and commercialization of Education There are four reasons why every nation regards the advancement of its youth as its primary duty. The first is that the youth possess vigour and inventiveness. It is in their strength and in their inventive genius that the hopes of a bright future are centered. The … Read more
The caste system is a Classification of people into four hierarchically ranked castes called varnas. They are classified according to occupation and determine access to wealth, power, and privilege. The Brahmans, usually priests and scholars, are at the top. Next are the Kshatriyas, or political rulers and soldiers. They are followed by the Vaishyas, … Read more