concept of VAT

VAT is a multi-stage tax levied at each stage of the value addition chain, with a provision to allow input tax credit (ITC) on tax paid at an earlier stage, which can be appropriated against the VAT liability on subsequent sale. VAT is intended to tax every stage of sale where some value is added … Read more

Code of ethics

Code of ethics Ethics codes are as old as antiquity. Religious traditions and civic cultures have codes as their foundations. The Mosaic Decalogue (Ten Commandments) is the keystone for Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Pericles made the Athenian code the underpinning of ancient Greek politics and culture. In each case codes carry general obligations and admonitions, … Read more

Management Mktg 4ps

 Marketing MIX     Marketing involves a number of activities. To begin with, an organisation may decide on its target group of customers to be served. Once the target group is decided, the product is to be placed in the market by providing the appropriate product, price, distribution and promotional efforts. These are … Read more

Direct & Indirect Taxes

    Direct & Indirect Taxes   Direct Tax   Indirect Tax     Corporation Tax   Excise Duties     Income tax   Service Tax     Interest Tax   Central Value Added Tax (Vat)     Expenditure Tax   Sales Tax     Wealth tax   Property Tax     Gift Tax   … Read more

Sources of Income of State Government

The constitution (73rd and 74th) Amendment Acts, 1992 and ARTICLE 280 (3) (c) have altered the erstwhile fiscal devolution system and framework between the states and local governments. Under the new fiscal devolution system every State Government is required to constitute, once in five years, a Finance Commission under articles 243 (I) and entrust it … Read more

MARKETING MANAGEMENT

  Marketing Management is a social and managerial process by which individuals or firms obtain what they need or want through creating, offering, exchanging products of value with each others.   CORE CONCEPTS OF MARKETING   NEED/ WANT/ DEMAND:   Need: It is state of deprivation of some basic satisfaction.   Want: Desire for specific … Read more

CONTRACTS AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

 CONTRACTS AND Consumer protection A consumer contract is a legally binding agreement between you and the consumer concerning the sale of goods or the supply of Services. Elements of a Contract Offer An offer is a promise to act or refrain from acting, which is made in exchange for a return promise to … Read more

Marketing

 QUICK REVISION SERIES RAS MAINS   UNIT III :Part B- Management   Modern Concept of Marketing: Modern concept of marketing concentrates majorly on consumer satisfaction. According to this concept, marketing starts from discovery of consumer needs and wants and ends with the satisfaction of those needs and wants.   Draw flow chart like … Read more

Tissue Culture

 Tissue culture Tissue culture, a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial Environment in which they can continue to survive and function. The cultured tissue may consist of a single cell, a Population of cells, or a whole or part of … Read more

Wealth tax

The Wealth Tax: A Controversial Tool for Equality and Growth The concept of a wealth tax, a levy on an individual’s net worth, has re-emerged as a prominent policy debate in recent years. Proponents argue that it is a necessary tool to address growing inequality, fund public services, and promote economic stability. Opponents, however, contend … Read more

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