Notes and Study material for Exams
Traditional methods of vaccine production The first human Vaccines against viruses were based using weaker or attenuated viruses to generate immunity. The smallpox vaccine used cowpox, a poxvirus that was similar enough to smallpox to protect against it but usually didn’t cause serious illness. Rabies was the first virus attenuated in a lab to create … Read more
There is vast diversity of living organisms. The chemical compositon and metabolic reactions of the organisms appear to be similar. The composition of living Tissues and non-living matter also appear to be similar in qualitative analysis.Closer analysis reveals that the relative abundance of carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen is higher in living system. All forms … Read more
1000 Genomes Project launched in January 2008, is an international research effort to establish by far the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation. Human Genome Project HGP was an international scientific research project with a goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the … Read more
GENE REGULATION Gene regulation is the informal term used to describe any mechanism used by a cell to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Cells can modify their gene expression patterns to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. All points of gene … Read more
Chromosomes Chromosome, the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes. A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness. For instance, the 46 chromosomes found in human cells have a combined length of 200 nm (1 nm = 10− 9 metre); if the chromosomes were … Read more
Objects having characteristics of cellular organization, Growth, Reproduction, ability to sense Environment and give response are living organisms. There are some important features of living organisms: It should grow, which means its structure changes as time goes by in an advantageous manner. It should show adaptation to the environment. It should maintain some balanced … Read more
Tissue Culture methods and applications Tissue culture refers to a method in which fragments of a tissue (plant or animal tissue) are introduced into a new, artificial Environment, where they continue to function or grow. While fragments of a tissue are often used, it is important to note that entire organs are also used for … Read more