Essential Commodities Act (ECA), 1955

The Essential Commodities Act, 1955: A Balancing Act Between Supply and Security The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (ECA) is a cornerstone of India’s economic policy, aimed at ensuring the availability of essential goods and services to the public at fair prices. This legislation has played a crucial role in stabilizing the market, preventing hoarding and … Read more

Development Of Railway (1)

 Development Of Railway, Industralization and constitutional development during British period   Railway The British created the Indian Railways. They envisioned it, planned it, engineered it and instructed poor Indian laborers how to build it. There is a common misconception that the British “gifted” India the Railways. Nothing could be more wrong. The British … Read more

Perfluorocarbons

Perfluorocarbons: A Persistent Threat to the Environment and Human Health Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are a group of synthetic organic compounds characterized by the presence of carbon atoms fully bonded to fluorine atoms. Their unique properties, including chemical inertness, thermal stability, and low surface tension, have made them highly valuable in various industrial applications. However, these same … Read more

Basics of cyber security

Cyber security is a process, technique or procedure to ensure information security goals. Aim of Information Security is to provide CIA i.e. Confidentiality of information Integrity of information Availability of information   These 3 parameters (CIA) are called security goals/security Services. The other security objectives also include such other parameters as authenticity, authorisation, accounting and … Read more

Inter-State Water Disputes Tribunals

Navigating the Waters of Conflict: A Deep Dive into Inter-State Water Disputes Tribunals in India India, a land of diverse landscapes and rich water resources, faces a complex challenge: managing these resources amidst growing populations and competing demands. This challenge is further amplified by the intricate web of inter-state water disputes, where states vie for … Read more

Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011

Navigating the Shores: A Deep Dive into India’s Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ), 2011 India’s vast coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers, is a treasure trove of biodiversity, economic activity, and cultural heritage. However, this delicate ecosystem faces numerous threats, including coastal erosion, pollution, and unsustainable development. To protect this vital resource, the Indian government introduced the … Read more

Fundamental concepts in vaccination

Fundamental concepts in vaccination Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Immunology is a complicated subject, and a detailed discussion of it is beyond the scope of this text. However, an understanding of the basic function of the immune system is useful in order to understand both how Vaccines work and the basis of recommendations for their use. … Read more

Food web and Food chain

FOOD CHAIN- A food chain starts with producers and ends with top carnivores. The sequence of eaten and being eaten, produces transfer of food energy and it is known as food chain. Grazing food chain-The consumers which start the food chain, utilising the plant or plant part as their food, constitute the grazing food chain. … Read more

Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act

The Air Prevention & Control of Pollution Act is an Act by Parliament to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of Air Pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected … Read more

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