Notes and Study material for Exams
Under the Constitution the financial Resources of the State are very limited though they have to do many works of social uplift under directive principles. In order to cope with their ever-expanding needs, the Central Government makes grants-in-aid to the States. Grant- in-aid to States , through it Central Government exercises a strict control over … Read more
“Public Interest Litigation“,is a litigation filed in a court of law, for the protection of “Public Interest” , such as pollution, Terrorism, Road safety, constructional hazards etc. ARTICLE 32 of the Indian Constitution contains the tool which directly joins the public with the judiciary. Public Interest Litigation is not mentioned in any constitution or a … Read more
The caste system is a Classification of people into four hierarchically ranked castes called varnas. They are classified according to occupation and determine access to wealth, power, and privilege. The Brahmans, usually priests and scholars, are at the top. Next are the Kshatriyas, or political rulers and soldiers. They are followed by the Vaishyas, … Read more
Citizen-Centric Administration: A Path to Enhanced Public Service The modern citizen demands more than just efficient and effective public services. They crave a personalized, responsive, and transparent experience that prioritizes their needs and empowers them to actively participate in shaping the services they receive. This shift in expectations has given rise to the concept of … Read more
Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy: A Vital Path to Effective Governance The concept of democracy hinges on the principle of “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” However, the effectiveness of this ideal relies heavily on the efficient and responsive functioning of the bureaucratic machinery that translates the will of the people … Read more
Institutionalizing Socio-Economic Change: A Framework for Sustainable Transformation The world is in constant flux, driven by rapid technological advancements, shifting demographics, and evolving societal values. This dynamic landscape necessitates a fundamental shift in our approach to socio-economic change, moving beyond ad-hoc interventions to a more strategic and sustainable model. This article explores the concept of … Read more
Unraveling the Evolution of the Caste System in India: A Journey Through Time and Transformation The caste system, a complex and deeply ingrained social hierarchy, has been a defining feature of Indian society for millennia. Its origins, evolution, and enduring impact continue to fascinate and perplex scholars, activists, and ordinary citizens alike. This article delves … Read more
Tax Expenditures: Hidden Subsidies in Plain Sight Tax expenditures, often referred to as “tax breaks” or “tax loopholes,” are provisions in the tax code that reduce tax liability for specific individuals, businesses, or industries. They deviate from the standard tax system by offering preferential treatment, effectively providing a subsidy through the tax system. While seemingly … Read more
The Wealth Tax: A Controversial Tool for Equality and Growth The concept of a wealth tax, a levy on an individual’s net worth, has re-emerged as a prominent policy debate in recent years. Proponents argue that it is a necessary tool to address growing inequality, fund public services, and promote economic stability. Opponents, however, contend … Read more
The 1991 Balance of Payments Crisis in India: A Tale of Structural Flaws and Economic Reform The year 1991 marked a watershed moment in India’s economic history. The country, once known for its socialist policies and self-reliance, found itself teetering on the brink of a financial meltdown. A severe Balance of Payments (BoP) crisis, triggered … Read more