Notes and Study material for Exams
–2/”>a >DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are Evaporation, Transpiration, condensation, Precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle … Read more
Attitude Should abortion be illegal? Should we cancel third world debt? How quickly should we reduce carbon emissions? Should there ever be a death penalty for any crime? Are you liberal or conservative? A soccer fan? A music lover? An optimist? The answers to all these questions depend upon psychological characteristics that define who we … Read more
Understanding Floods: Causes, Impacts, and Management Floods, the inundation of land by water, are a natural phenomenon that has shaped the Earth’s landscape and influenced human history. While often perceived as destructive forces, floods also play a vital role in maintaining ecosystems and replenishing water resources. However, the increasing frequency and intensity of floods in … Read more
Ethics in administration: Status and problem The Historical Context India has witnessed a long history of unethical practices in the governance system. Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions a variety of corrupt practices in which the administrators of those times indulged themselves. The Mughal Empire and the Indian princely rule were also afflicted with the corrupt practices of … Read more
The English word administer‘ is derived from a combination of two Latin words and ?ministrate‘ meaning ?to serve or manage‘. Literally, the term means management the affairs of public or private. Administration refers to mobilisation of Resources – human and material- to achieve pre-set of objectives. Administration is thus an activity undertaken in pursuit of … Read more
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT – DECISION MAKING Concept and meaning Decision making is the process of identifying and selecting a course of action to solve a specific problem. Decision making involves the selection of a course of action from among two or more possible alternatives in order to arrive at a … Read more
Mercury: A Silent Threat to Human Health Mercury, a naturally occurring heavy metal, has long been recognized for its unique properties and diverse applications. However, its widespread use and environmental persistence have also made it a significant threat to human health. Mercury’s toxicity, particularly its ability to accumulate in the body and disrupt vital biological … Read more
Guardians of the Wild: A Look at Important Wildlife Institutions Worldwide The Earth’s biodiversity is a treasure trove of life, a complex tapestry woven from millions of species, each playing a vital role in the intricate web of ecosystems. However, this precious heritage faces numerous threats, from habitat loss and climate change to poaching and … Read more
Grassland Grassland, area in which the vegetation is dominated by a nearly continuous cover of Grasses. Grasslands occur in environments conducive to the Growth of this plant cover but not to that of taller Plants, particularly trees and shrubs. The factors preventing establishment of such taller, woody vegetation are varied. Grasslands are one of the … Read more
Road sector Road transport is considered to be one of the most cost effective and preferred modes of transport, both for freight and passengers, keeping in view its level of penetration and last mile connectivity in populated areas. A good road Network is vital to the Economic Development and social integration of the country. It … Read more