Notes and Study material for Exams
Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Comprehensive Guide to ADR Mechanisms The legal system, while crucial for upholding justice, can be a complex and time-consuming process. Traditional litigation, with its formal procedures and lengthy timelines, often proves to be an expensive and stressful ordeal for parties involved. This is where Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) steps in, offering … Read more
Navigating the Complexities of Advanced Pricing Agreements (APAs) The globalized nature of modern business has led to an increasing complexity in international tax matters. Multinational corporations (MNCs) often face challenges in determining the appropriate transfer pricing for transactions between their subsidiaries in different countries. This can lead to disputes with tax authorities, resulting in costly … Read more
What is GST? Goods and Services Tax — GST — is a comprehensive tax levy on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services at a national level. Read moreGoods and Services Tax — GST
The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is a multilateral agreement signed in 1994 as part of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The AoA aims to reduce agricultural subsidies and trade barriers, and to promote agricultural trade LiberalizationLiberalization. The AoA covers a wide range of topics, including: Market access: The … Read more
The structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is as follows: Ministerial Conference: The highest decision-making body of the WTO, which meets at least once every two years. General Council: The main decision-making body of the WTO between Ministerial Conferences. Dispute Settlement Body: The body responsible for settling disputes between WTO members. Trade Policy Review … Read more
Permanent Lok Adalats: A Beacon of Alternative Dispute Resolution in India Introduction India, with its vast population and complex legal system, faces a daunting challenge in ensuring timely and efficient dispute resolution. The traditional court system, burdened by a backlog of cases, often fails to provide swift justice. Recognizing this need, the Indian legal framework … Read more
Lok Adalats: A Beacon of Alternative Dispute Resolution in India Introduction The Indian legal system, while robust, often faces challenges in terms of accessibility, affordability, and timeliness. This is where Lok Adalats, a unique and effective alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism, steps in. Lok Adalats, literally meaning “people’s courts,” are informal forums where disputes are … Read more
India China Relations: Ladakh Conflict For more than 100 days, tensions have been high between India and China along their disputed Himalayan border. This tension has been most acute in eastern Ladakh, where, in mid-June, 20 Indian soldiers and an unspecified number of Chinese soldiers were killed in the Galwan Valley, the first fatalities along … Read more
The Complex Landscape of State Taxes: Levied, Collected, and Retained The United States operates under a federal system, where power is shared between the national government and individual states. This division of power extends to the realm of taxation, with both levels of government levying taxes to fund their respective operations. While the federal government … Read more
Navigating the Global Tax Landscape: A Guide to Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA) The globalized economy has fostered a complex web of international business transactions, leading to a potential for double taxation â a situation where the same income or capital is taxed twice by different countries. To mitigate this risk and promote cross-border investment, … Read more