Notes and Study material for Exams
Water Resources Rainfall: With an Average annual rainfall of 1,170 mm, India is one of the wettest countries in the world. At one extreme are areas like Cherrapunji, in the northeast, which is drenched each year with 11,000 mm of rainfall, and at the other extreme are places like Jaisalmer, in the west, which receives … Read more
The Indian Crocodile: A Tale of Resilience and Conservation The Indian crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), also known as the mugger crocodile, is a fascinating and critically important species that has faced immense challenges in recent times. Once widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent, its population has dwindled due to habitat loss, hunting, and pollution. However, dedicated conservation … Read more
Urbanization in the Himalayas: A Balancing Act Between Development and Sustainability The Himalayas, a majestic mountain range spanning across eight countries, are experiencing a rapid transformation. While traditionally known for their pristine landscapes and unique biodiversity, the region is now grappling with the burgeoning phenomenon of urbanization. This shift, driven by factors like economic opportunities, … Read more
What is Clean TillageTillage? Clean Tillage is a type of farming that minimizes the disturbance of the SoilSoil. This is in contrast to conventional tillage, which involves plowing and other methods that turn over the Soil. Clean tillage practices include no-till, minimum till, and ridge till. Why is Clean Tillage Important? Clean tillage is important … Read more
Indian forest policy Historically our communities have always lived in harmony with nature, and participation of community in protection and management of common property Resources has been a tradition. The British introduced scientific management of forests through a centralised approach to forest management and development. The first formal government approach to Forestry can be traced … Read more
Alley Cropping: A Sustainable Approach to Agriculture Alley cropping, a form of agroforestry, is a sustainable agricultural practice that integrates trees or shrubs into crop production systems. This practice offers numerous benefits, including increased biodiversity, improved soil health, enhanced water management, and enhanced economic returns. This article delves into the intricacies of alley cropping, exploring … Read more
Ecosystem Eco-System-An ecosystem is defined as a structural and functional unit of Biosphere consisting of community of living beings and the physical Environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. It includes Plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, micro-organisms, water, Soil, and people. When an ecosystem is healthy (i.e. sustainable) it means that all the Elements … Read more
Petroleum, natural gas, coal, nitrogen, uranium and water power are examples of conventional sources of energy. They’re also called non-renewable sources of energy and are mainly fossil fuels, except water power. Rising Growth of Population has created a tremendous pressure on the conventional Resources of energy and thus the Concept of Sustainable Development get prominent … Read more
Social Forestry: A Sustainable Approach to Forest Management and Community Empowerment Introduction Forests are vital ecosystems that provide numerous benefits to humanity, including clean air and water, biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and economic opportunities. However, traditional forestry practices often prioritize timber production over ecological and social considerations, leading to deforestation, biodiversity loss, and social inequities. … Read more
Diversified Farming Diversified farming is a type of agriculture that involves growing a variety of crops or raising a variety of LivestockLivestock. This type of farming is often used to reduce risk and increase profits. There are many benefits to diversified farming. One benefit is that it can help to reduce risk. When farmers grow … Read more