Notes and Study material for Exams
The Changwon Declaration: A Call to Action for Human Well-being and Wetlands The world’s wetlands are facing unprecedented threats. From habitat loss and degradation to climate change and pollution, these vital ecosystems are under immense pressure. Recognizing the interconnectedness of human well-being and wetland health, the international community came together in 2008 to adopt the … Read more
The subtopics of COP 11 Hyderabad are: Opening and welcome Adoption of the agenda and organization of work National communications and biennial update reports Anticipatory action Adaptation Loss and damage Finance Technology Capacity building Science and knowledge management Implementation and compliance Further work Closing The eleventh Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework … Read more
Rio+20: A Legacy of Promise and Progress, but Challenges Remain Twenty years after the landmark Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the world convened again in 2012 for Rio+20, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. This gathering aimed to assess progress made on sustainable development goals and chart a new course for the future. … Read more
Rio+5: A Look Back at the 1997 Special Session of the UN General Assembly The year 1997 marked a significant milestone in the global environmental movement. Five years after the landmark Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the United Nations convened a Special Session of the General Assembly, aptly named Rio+5, to assess the progress … Read more
Local Agenda 21: A Framework for Sustainable Development at the Local Level Introduction The concept of sustainable development, encompassing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection, has gained global recognition. While international agreements and national policies play a crucial role in achieving sustainability, the implementation of these goals ultimately rests on the shoulders of local … Read more
The National Environment Awareness Campaign (NEAC): A Catalyst for Environmental Change in India Introduction India, with its rich biodiversity and diverse ecosystems, faces significant environmental challenges. From air and water pollution to deforestation and climate change, the need for environmental awareness and action is paramount. In this context, the National Environment Awareness Campaign (NEAC), launched … Read more
The National Clean Energy Fund: A Catalyst for a Sustainable Future? The National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) is a crucial element in the United States’ efforts to transition to a clean energy future. This fund, established in 2009 as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, aims to accelerate the development and deployment of … Read more
The Urban Services Environmental Rating System (USERS): A Framework for Sustainable Urban Development The rapid urbanization of the 21st century presents a complex challenge: how to create thriving, equitable, and environmentally sustainable cities. While cities are engines of economic growth and innovation, they also contribute significantly to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social inequality. To … Read more
The National Bamboo Mission: A Green Revolution in the Making Introduction Bamboo, a versatile and fast-growing grass, has long been a vital resource for millions across the globe. From construction materials to food and medicine, its applications are diverse and its potential immense. Recognizing this potential, the Indian government launched the National Bamboo Mission (NBM) … Read more
Farm Forestry: A Sustainable Path to Profit and Environmental Stewardship Farm forestry, the integration of tree growing into agricultural operations, is gaining increasing recognition as a sustainable and profitable land management practice. This approach offers a multitude of benefits, ranging from enhanced soil health and biodiversity to increased income diversification and climate change mitigation. This … Read more