Notes and Study material for Exams
Protected Area Networks: A Vital Tool for Conservation and Sustainable Development Introduction The Earth’s biodiversity is facing unprecedented threats from human activities, leading to alarming rates of species extinction and habitat loss. To address this crisis, conservation efforts have increasingly focused on establishing protected areas, designated spaces where nature is safeguarded from exploitation and degradation. … Read more
Environmental Effects of Irrigation Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land to assist in the growing of crops. It is one of the most important agricultural practices, and it has been used for centuries to increase crop yields. However, irrigation can also have a number of negative environmental effects. Water Resource Depletion Groundwater … Read more
The Environment Protection Act is an important legislation that provides for coordination of activities of the various regulatory agencies, creation of authorities with adequate powers for environmental protection, regulation of the discharge of environmental pollutants, handling of hazardous substances, etc. The Act provided an opportunity to extend legal protection to non-forest habitats (‘Ecologically Sensitive Areas’) … Read more
Any – body of standing water, generally large enough in area and depth, irrespective of its hydrology, ECOLOGY, and other characteristics is generally known as lake. Ageing of Lakes The nutrient enrichment of the lakes promotes the Growth of algae, aquatic Plants and various Fauna. This process is known as natural eutrophication. Similar nutrient … Read more
–2/”>a >DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> Social impacts of disasters Natural Disasters can cause social impacts that are similar in different types of communities such as the need for rebuilding, urgent access to Health care, simply accessing shelter during/after a storm, availability to food and water, turning towards the government for aid … Read more
The Convention on Biological Diversity: A Global Pact for Life on Earth The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, is a landmark international agreement that aims to conserve biological diversity, use its components sustainably, and share the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. … Read more
El Nino El Niño is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. When this warming occurs the usual upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep ocean water is significantly El Niño normally occurs around Christmasand usually lasts for a few weeks to a few months. Sometimes … Read more
Mangroves are the characteristic littoral plant formation of tropical and subtropical sheltered coastlines. are trees and bushes growing below the high water level of Spring Tides which exhibits remarkable capacity for salt water Tolerance. basically evergreen land Plants growing on sheltered shores, typically on tidal flats, deltas, estuaries, bays, creeks and the barrier islands. … Read more
Land Resources: In terms of area India ranks seventh in the world with a total area of 32, 87.263 sq. km. (32.87 crore hectare). It accounts for 2.42% of total area of the world. In absolute terms India is really a big country. However, land man ratio is not favourable because of the huge Population … Read more
Eco-System-An ecosystem is defined as a structural and functional unit of Biosphere consisting of community of living beings and the physical Environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. It includes Plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, micro-organisms, water, Soil, and people. When an ecosystem is healthy (i.e. sustainable) it means that all the Elements live … Read more